This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

Mask R-CNN is a convolution based neural network for the task of object instance segmentation. The paper describing the model can be found here. NVIDIA's Mask R-CNN is an optimized version of Facebook's implementation.This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 1.3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

The repository also contains scripts to interactively launch training, benchmarking and inference routines in a Docker container.

The major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of Mask R-CNN are as follows:

Mixed precision support with PyTorch AMP.
Gradient accumulation to simulate larger batches.
Custom fused CUDA kernels for faster computations.

These techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time by a factor of 1.3x, allowing you to perform more efficient instance segmentation with no additional effort.

Other publicly available implementations of Mask R-CNN include:

Model architecture

Mask R-CNN builds on top of FasterRCNN adding an additional mask head for the task of image segmentation.

The architecture consists of following:

R-50 backbone with FPN
RPN head
RoI ALign
Bounding and classification box head
Mask head

Default Configuration

The default configuration of this model can be found at pytorch/maskrcnn_benchmark/config/defaults.py. The default hyper-parameters are as follows:

\n
General:
\n
- Base Learning Rate set to 0.001
- Global batch size set to 16 images
- Steps set to 30000
- Images re-sized with aspect ratio maintained and smaller side length between [800,1333]
- Global train batch size - 16
- Global test batch size - 8
\n
\n
Feature extractor:
\n
- Backend network set to Resnet50_conv4
- First two blocks of backbone network weights are frozen
\n
\n
Region Proposal Network (RPN):
\n
- Anchor stride set to 16
- Anchor sizes set to (32, 64, 128, 256, 512)
- Foreground IOU Threshold set to 0.7, Background IOU Threshold set to 0.5
- RPN target fraction of positive proposals set to 0.5
- Train Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 12000
- Train Post-NMS Top proposals set to 2000
- Test Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 6000
- Test Post-NMS Top proposals set to 1000
- RPN NMS Threshold set to 0.7
\n
\n
RoI heads:
\n
- Foreground threshold set to 0.5
- Batch size per image set to 512
- Positive fraction of batch set to 0.25
\n

This repository implements multi-gpu and gradient accumulation to support larger batches and mixed precision support. This implementation also includes the following optimizations.

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Target generation - Optimized GPU implementation for generating binary mask ground truths from the list of polygon coordinates that exist in the dataset.
\n
\n
Custom CUDA kernels for:
\n
- Box Intersection over Union (IoU) computation
- Proposal matcher
- Generate anchor boxes
- Pre NMS box selection - Selection of RoIs based on objectness score before NMS is applied.
\n
The source files can be found under maskrcnn_benchmark/csrc/cuda.
\n

Feature support matrix

The following features are supported by this model.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	Mask R-CNN
Native AMP	Yes
Native DDP	Yes
Native NHWC	Yes

Features

AMP is an abbreviation used for automatic mixed precision training.

Native DDP; Apex DDP where DDP stands for DistributedDataParallel and is used for multi-GPU training.

NHWC is the channels last memory format for tensors.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format, while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of tensor cores in the Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:

\n
Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
\n
\n
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.
\n

For information about:

\n
How to train using mixed precision, see the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
\n
\n
Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
\n

Enabling mixed precision

In this repository, mixed precision training is enabled by the PyTorch native AMP library. PyTorch has an automatic mixed precision module that allows mixed precision to be enabled with minimal code changes.

Automatic mixed precision can be enabled with the following code changes:

# Create gradient scaler\nscaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(init_scale=8192.0)\n\n# Wrap the forward pass in torch.cuda.amp.autocast\nwith torch.cuda.amp.autocast():\n  loss_dict = model(images, targets)\n\n# Gradient scaling\nscaler.scale(losses).backward()\nscaler.step(optimizer)\nscaler.update()\n

AMP can be enabled by setting DTYPE to float16.

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

Performance Optimizations

MLPerf Training is an ML Commons benchmark that measures how fast systems can train models to a target quality metric. MaskRCNN is one of the MLPerf training benchmarks which is improved every year. Some of the performance optimizations used in MLPerf can be introduced to this repository easily to gain significant training speedup. Here is NVIDIA's MLPerf v1.1 submission codebase.

Listed below are some of the performance optimization tricks applied to this repository:

Prefetcher: PyTorch CUDA Streams are used to fetch the data required for the next iteration during the current iteration to reduce dataloading time before each iteration.
pin_memory: Setting pin_memory can speed up host to device transfer of samples in dataloader. More details can be found in this blog.
Hybrid Dataloader: Some dataloading is done on the CPU and the rest is on the GPU.
FusedSGD: Replace SGD with Apex FusedSGD for training speedup.
Native DDP: Use PyTorch DistributedDataParallel.
Native NHWC: Switching from channels first (NCHW) memory format to NHWC (channels last) gives better performance.

Increasing the local batch size and applying the above tricks gives ~2x speedup for end-to-end training time on 8 DGX A100s when compared to the old implementation.

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So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC should be disabled.","hasReleaseNotes","setup","The following sections list the requirements in order to start training the Mask R-CNN model.\n \n### Requirements\n \nThis repository contains `Dockerfile` which extends the PyTorch NGC container and encapsulates some dependencies. Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n - [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n - [PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/registry/nvidia-pytorch)\n- Supported GPUs:\n- [NVIDIA Volta architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n- [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n- [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n \n For more information about how to get started with NGC containers, see the\n following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning\n Documentation:\n - [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n - [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n - [Running PyTorch](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/pytorch-release-notes/running.html#running)\n \nFor those unable to use the [framework name] NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, see the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the Mask R-CNN model on the COCO 2017 dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, see the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n \n### 1. Clone the repository.\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\ncd DeepLearningExamples/PyTorch/Segmentation/MaskRCNN\n```\n \n### 2. Download and preprocess the dataset.\nThis repository provides scripts to download and extract the COCO 2017 dataset. Data will be downloaded to the `current working` directory on the host and extracted to a user-defined directory\n \nTo download, verify, and extract the COCO dataset, use the following scripts:\n ```\n ./download_dataset.sh \n ```\nBy default, the data is organized into the following structure:\n ```\n \n annotations/\n instances_train2017.json\n instances_val2017.json\n train2017/\n *.jpg\n val2017/\n *.jpg\n ```\n \n### 3. Build the Mask R-CNN PyTorch NGC container.\n```\ncd pytorch/\nbash scripts/docker/build.sh\n```\n \n### 4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference.\nAfter you build the container image, you can start an interactive CLI session with \n```\nbash scripts/docker/interactive.sh \n```\nThe `interactive.sh` script requires that the location on the dataset is specified. For example, `/home//Detectron_PyT/detectron/lib/datasets/data/coco`\n \n### 5. Start training.\n```\nbash scripts/train.sh\n```\nThe `train.sh` script trains a model and performs evaluation on the COCO 2014 dataset. By default, the training script:\n - Uses 8 GPUs.\n - Saves a checkpoint every 2500 iterations and at the end of training. All checkpoints, evaluation results and training logs are saved to the `/results` directory (in the container which can be mounted to a local directory).\n - Mixed precision training with Tensor Cores is invoked by either adding `--amp` to the command line or `DTYPE \\\"float16\\\"` to the end of the above command as shown in the train script. This will override the default `DTYPE` configuration which is tf32 for Ampere and float32 for Volta.\n - Channels last memory format can be set using the `NHWC` flag which is set to `True` by default. Disabling this flag will run training using `NCHW` or channels first memory format.\n \n The `scripts/train.sh` script runs the following Python command:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" \n ```\n \n### 6. Start validation/evaluation.\n ```\n bash scripts/eval.sh\n ```\nModel evaluation on a checkpoint can be launched by running the `pytorch/scripts/eval.sh` script. The script requires:\n- the location of the checkpoint folder to be specified and present within/mounted to the container.\n- a text file named last_checkpoint which contains the path to the latest checkpoint. This mechanism is required in order to resume training from the latest checkpoint.\n- The file last_checkpoint is automatically created at the end of the training process.\n \nBy default, evaluation is performed on the test dataset once training is complete. To skip evaluation at the end of training, issue the `--skip-test` flag.\n \nAdditionally, to perform evaluation after every epoch and terminate training on reaching a minimum required mAP score, set\n- `PER_EPOCH_EVAL = True`\n- `MIN_BBOX_MAP = `\n- `MIN_MASK_MAP = `\n \n### 7. Start inference/predictions.\n \nModel predictions can be obtained on a test dataset and a model checkpoint by running the `scripts/inference.sh ` script. The script requires:\n - the location of the checkpoint folder and dataset to be specified and present within/mounted to the container.\n - a text file named last_checkpoint which contains the path to the checkpoint.\n \nFor example:\n```\nbash scripts/inference.sh configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\n```\n \nModel prediction files get saved in the `/inference` directory and correspond to:\n\n```\nbbox.json - JSON file containing bounding box predictions\nsegm.json - JSON file containing mask predictions\npredictions.pth - All prediction tensors computed by the model in torch.save() format\ncoco_results.pth - COCO evaluation results in torch.save() format - if --skip-eval is not used in the script above\n```\n \nTo perform inference and skip computation of mAP scores, issue the `--skip-eval` flag. Performance is reported in seconds per iteration per GPU. The benchmarking scripts can be used to extract frames per second on training and inference.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n \n### Scripts and sample code\n \nDescriptions of the key scripts and folders are provided below.\n \n- maskrcnn_benchmark - Contains scripts to build individual components of the model such as backbone, FPN, RPN, mask and bbox heads etc.,\n- download_dataset.sh - Launches download and processing of required datasets.\n \n- scripts/ - Contains shell scripts to launch data download, train the model and perform inferences.\n \n - train.sh - Launches model training\n \n - eval.sh - Performs inference and computes mAP of predictions.\n \n - inference.sh - Performs inference on given data.\n \n - train_benchmark.sh - To benchmark training performance.\n \n - inference_benchmark.sh - To benchmark inference performance.\n - docker/ - Scripts to build the docker image and to start an interactive session. \n \n- tools/\n - train_net.py - End to end to script to load data, build and train the model.\n - test_net.py - End to end script to load data, checkpoint and perform inference and compute mAP score.\n \n### Parameters\n#### train_net.py script parameters\nYou can modify the training behaviour through the various flags in both the `train_net.py` script and through overriding specific parameters in the YAML config files. Flags in the `train_net.py` script are as follows:\n \n `--config_file` - path to config file containing model params\n \n `--skip-test` - skips model testing after training\n \n `--opts` - allows for you to override specific params in config file\n \nFor example:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=2 tools/train_net.py \\\n --config-file configs/e2e_faster_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml \\\n DTYPE \"float16\" \\\n NHWC True \\\n OUTPUT_DIR RESULTS \\\n SOLVER.BASE_LR 0.002 \\\n SOLVER.STEPS '(360000, 480000)'\n```\n \n### Command-line options\n \nTo see the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the -h or --help command line option, for example: \n \n`python tools/train_net.py --help`\n \n### Getting the data\nThe Mask R-CNN model was trained on the [COCO 2017](http://cocodataset.org/#download) dataset. This dataset comes with a training and validation set. \n \nThis repository contains the `./download_dataset.sh`,`./verify_dataset.sh`, and `./extract_dataset.sh` scripts which automatically download and preprocess the training and validation sets.\n \n#### Dataset guidelines\n \nIn order to run on your own dataset, ensure your dataset is present/mounted to the Docker container with the following hierarchy:\n```\nmy_dataset/\n images_train/\n images_val/\n instances_train.json\n instances_val.json\n```\nand add it to `DATASETS` dictionary in `maskrcnn_benchmark/config/paths_catalog.py`\n \n```\nDATASETS = {\n \"my_dataset_train\": {\n \"img_dir\": \"data/images_train\",\n \"ann_file\": \"data/instances_train.json\"\n },\n \"my_dataset_val\": {\n \"img_dir\": \"data/images_val\",\n \"ann_file\": \"data/instances_val.json\"\n },\n }\n```\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node= tools/train_net.py \\\n --config-file \\\n | tee \n```\n \n### Training Process\nTraining is performed using the `tools/train_net.py` script along with parameters defined in the config file. The default config files can be found in the `pytorch/configs/` directory.\n \nThe `e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml` file was used to gather accuracy and performance metrics. This configuration sets the following parameters:\n - Backbone weights to ResNet-50\n - Feature extractor set to ResNet-50 with Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN)\n - RPN uses FPN\n - RoI Heads use FPN\n - Dataset - COCO 2017\n - Base Learning Rate - 0.12\n - Global train batch size - 96\n - Global test batch size - 8\n - RPN batch size - 256\n - ROI batch size - 512\n - Solver steps - (12000, 16000)\n - Max iterations - 16667\n - Warmup iterations - 800\n - Warmup factor = 0.0001\n - Initial learning rate = Base Learning Rate x Warmup factor\n \nThe default feature extractor can be changed by setting `CONV_BODY` parameter in `yaml` file to any of the following:\n - R-50-C4\n - R-50-C5\n - R-101-C4\n - R-101-C5\n - R-101-FPN\n \nThe default backbone can be changed to a flavor of Resnet-50 or ResNet-101 by setting `WEIGHT` parameter in `yaml` file to any of the following:\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-50-GN\"\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-101\"\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-101-GN\"\n \nThis script outputs results to the current working directory by default. However, this can be changed by adding `OUTPUT_DIR ` to the end of the default command. Logs produced during training are also stored in the `OUTPUT_DIR` specified. The training log will contain information about:\n - Loss, time per iteration, learning rate and memory metrics\n - performance values such as time per step\n - test accuracy and test performance values after evaluation\n \nThe training logs are located in the `/log` directory. The summary after each training epoch is printed in the following format:\n ```\n INFO:maskrcnn_benchmark.trainer:eta: 4:42:15 iter: 20 loss: 1.8236 (2.7274) loss_box_reg: 0.0249 (0.0620) loss_classifier: 0.6086 (1.2918) loss_mask: 0.6996 (0.8026) loss_objectness: 0.5373 (0.4787) loss_rpn_box_reg: 0.0870 (0.0924) time: 0.2002 (0.3765) data: 0.0099 (0.1242) lr: 0.014347 max mem: 3508\n ```\n The mean and median training losses are reported every 20 steps.\n \nMulti-gpu and multi-node training is enabled with the PyTorch distributed launch module. The following example runs training on 8 GPUs:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \\\"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\\\"\n ```\n \nWe have tested batch sizes upto 12 on a 32GB V100 and 80GB A100 with mixed precision. The repository also implements gradient accumulation functionality to simulate bigger batches as follows:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \\\"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\\\" SOLVER.ACCUMULATE_GRAD True SOLVER.ACCUMULATE_STEPS 4\n ```\n \nBy default, training is performed using FP32 on Volta and TF32 on Ampere, however training time can be reduced further using tensor cores and mixed precision. This can be done by either adding `--amp` to the command line or `DTYPE \\\"float16\\\"` to override the respective parameter in the config file.\n \n__Note__: When training a global batch size >= 32, it is recommended to add required warmup by additionally setting the following parameters:\n - `SOLVER.WARMUP_ITERS 625`\n - `SOLVER.WARMUP_FACTOR 0.01`\n \nWhen experimenting with different global batch sizes for training and inference, make sure `SOLVER.IMS_PER_BATCH` and `TEST.IMS_PER_BATCH` are divisible by the number of GPUs. \n \n#### Other training options\nA sample single GPU config is provided under `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_1GPU.yaml`\n\nTo train with smaller global batch sizes (32 or 64) use `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_bs32.yaml` and `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_bs64.yaml` respectively.\n \nFor multi-gpu runs, `-m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node num_gpus` is added prior to `tools/train_net.py`. For example, for an 8 GPU run:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" \n```\n \nTraining is terminated when either the required accuracies specified on the command line are reached or if the number of training iterations specified is reached.\n \nTo terminate training on reaching target accuracy on 8 GPUs, run:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" PER_EPOCH_EVAL True MIN_BBOX_MAP 0.377 MIN_MASK_MAP 0.342\n```\n \n__Note__: The score is always the Average Precision(AP) at\n - IoU = 0.50:0.95\n - Area = all - include small, medium and large\n - maxDets = 100","hasAdvanced","performance","### Benchmarking\nBenchmarking can be performed for both training and inference. Both scripts run the Mask R-CNN model using the parameters defined in `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml`. You can specify whether benchmarking is performed in FP16, TF32 or FP32 by specifying it as an argument to the benchmarking scripts.\n \n#### Training performance benchmark\nTraining benchmarking can performed by running the script:\n```\nscripts/train_benchmark.sh \n```\n \n#### Inference performance benchmark\nInference benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n```\nscripts/inference_benchmark.sh \n```\n \n### Results\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference.\n#### Training Accuracy Results\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | BBOX mAP - TF32| MASK mAP - TF32 | BBOX mAP - FP16| MASK mAP - FP16 | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --\n| 8 | 12 | 0.3765 | 0.3408 | 0.3763 | 0.3417 | 2.15 | 1.85 | 1.16x\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 32GB GPUs.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | BBOX mAP - FP32| MASK mAP - FP32 | BBOX mAP - FP16| MASK mAP - FP16 | Time to train - FP32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --\n| 8 | 12 | 0.3768 | 0.3415 | 0.3755 | 0.3403 | 5.58 | 3.37 | 1.65x\n\nNote: Currently V100 32GB + FP32 + NHWC + Hybrid dataloader causes a slowdown. So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC are disabled `NHWC=False HYBRID=False DTYPE=float32 bash scripts/train.sh`\n \n##### Training loss curves\n \n![Loss Curve](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/PyTorch/Segmentation/MaskRCNN//img/loss_curve.png)\n\n \nHere, multihead loss is simply the summation of losses on the mask head and the bounding box head.\n \n##### Training Stability Test\nThe following tables compare mAP scores across 5 different training runs with different seeds. The runs showcase consistent convergence on all 5 seeds with very little deviation.\n \n| **Config** | **Seed 1** | **Seed 2** | **Seed 3** | **Seed 4** | **Seed 5** | **Mean** | **Standard Deviation** |\n| --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- | ----- |\n| 8 GPUs, final AP BBox | 0.3764 | 0.3766 | 0.3767 | 0.3752 | 0.3768 | 0.3763 | 0.0006 |\n| 8 GPUs, final AP Segm | 0.3414 | 0.3411 | 0.341 | 0.3407 | 0.3415 | 0.3411 | 0.0003 |\n \n#### Training Performance Results\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train_benchmark.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over 500 iterations.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision\n --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- |\n\n| 1 | 12 | 23 | 24 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 |\n| 4 | 12 | 104 | 106 | 1.02 | 4.52 | 4.42 |\n| 8 | 12 | 193 | 209 | 1.08 | 8.39 | 8.71 |\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train_benchmark.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 32GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over 500 iterations.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision\n| --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | -----\n| 1 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 1.33 | 1 | 1 |\n| 4 | 12 | 44 | 71 | 1.61 | 3.67 | 4.44 |\n| 8 | 12 | 85 | 135 | 1.59 | 7.08 | 8.44 |\n \nNote: Currently V100 32GB + FP32 + NHWC + Hybrid dataloader causes a slowdown. So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC are disabled `bash scripts/train_benchmark.sh fp32 False False`\nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n \n#### Inference performance results\n \n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference_benchmark.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 23 | 34.91 | 33.87 | 33.95 | 34.15 |\n| 2 | 26 | 59.31 | 57.80 | 57.99 | 58.27 |\n| 4 | 31 | 101.46 | 99.24 | 99.51 | 99.86 |\n| 8 | 31 | 197.57 | 193.82 | 194.28 | 194.77 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 25 | 31.66 | 31.03 | 31.13 | 31.26 |\n| 2 | 28 | 56.91 | 55.88 | 56.05 | 56.02 |\n| 4 | 29 | 104.11 | 102.29 | 102.53 | 102.74 |\n| 8 | 30 | 201.13 | 197.43 | 197.84 | 198.19 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference_benchmark.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 1x V100 32GB GPUs. \n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 19 | 44.72 | 43.62 | 43.77 | 44.03 |\n| 2 | 21 | 82.80 | 81.37 | 81.67 | 82.06 |\n| 4 | 22 | 155.25 | 153.15 | 153.63 | 154.10 |\n| 8 | 22 | 307.60 | 304.08 | 304.82 | 305.48 |\n\nFP32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 16 | 52.78 | 51.87 | 52.16 | 52.43 |\n| 2 | 17 | 100.81 | 99.19 | 99.67 | 100.15 |\n| 4 | 17 | 202.05 | 198.84 | 199.98 | 200.92 |\n| 8 | 18 | 389.99 | 384.29 | 385.77 | 387.66 |\n \nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).","hasPerformance",[],{"_85":232,"_112":233,"_113":-5,"_121":34,"_120":34,"_122":231,"_215":90},{"_85":28,"_112":28,"_113":-5,"_121":34,"_120":34,"_122":231,"_215":90},[],"-","Latest (21.12.0)","nvidia/dle/maskrcnn_pyt","key","nvidia/dle/resources/maskrcnn_pyt","resourceId","maskrcnn_pyt","shortDescription","Mask R-CNN is a convolution based network for object instance segmentation. This implementation provides 1.3x faster training while maintaining target accuracy.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/maskrcnn-pyt)\n\n \nMask R-CNN is a convolution based neural network for the task of object instance segmentation. The paper describing the model can be found [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06870). NVIDIA's Mask R-CNN is an optimized version of [Facebook's implementation](https://github.com/facebookresearch/maskrcnn-benchmark).This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 1.3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.\n \nThe repository also contains scripts to interactively launch training, benchmarking and inference routines in a Docker container.\n \nThe major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of Mask R-CNN are as follows:\n - Mixed precision support with [PyTorch AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html).\n - Gradient accumulation to simulate larger batches.\n - Custom fused CUDA kernels for faster computations.\n \nThese techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time by a factor of 1.3x, allowing you to perform more efficient instance segmentation with no additional effort.\n \nOther publicly available implementations of Mask R-CNN include:\n - [NVIDIA TensorFlow](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow/Segmentation/MaskRCNN)\n - [NVIDIA TensorFlow2](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow2/Segmentation/MaskRCNN)\n - [Matterport](https://github.com/matterport/Mask_RCNN)\n - [Tensorpack](https://github.com/tensorpack/tensorpack/tree/master/examples/FasterRCNN)\n - [Google's tensorflow model](https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/object_detection)\n \n### Model architecture\n \nMask R-CNN builds on top of FasterRCNN adding an additional mask head for the task of image segmentation.\n \nThe architecture consists of following:\n- R-50 backbone with FPN\n- RPN head\n- RoI ALign\n- Bounding and classification box head\n- Mask head\n \n### Default Configuration\nThe default configuration of this model can be found at `pytorch/maskrcnn_benchmark/config/defaults.py`. The default hyper-parameters are as follows:\n - General:\n - Base Learning Rate set to 0.001\n - Global batch size set to 16 images\n - Steps set to 30000\n - Images re-sized with aspect ratio maintained and smaller side length between [800,1333]\n - Global train batch size - 16\n - Global test batch size - 8\n \n - Feature extractor:\n - Backend network set to Resnet50_conv4\n - First two blocks of backbone network weights are frozen\n \n - Region Proposal Network (RPN):\n - Anchor stride set to 16\n - Anchor sizes set to (32, 64, 128, 256, 512)\n - Foreground IOU Threshold set to 0.7, Background IOU Threshold set to 0.5\n - RPN target fraction of positive proposals set to 0.5\n - Train Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 12000\n - Train Post-NMS Top proposals set to 2000\n - Test Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 6000\n - Test Post-NMS Top proposals set to 1000\n - RPN NMS Threshold set to 0.7\n \n - RoI heads:\n - Foreground threshold set to 0.5\n - Batch size per image set to 512\n - Positive fraction of batch set to 0.25\n \nThis repository implements multi-gpu and gradient accumulation to support larger batches and mixed precision support. This implementation also includes the following optimizations.\n - Target generation - Optimized GPU implementation for generating binary mask ground truths from the list of polygon coordinates that exist in the dataset.\n - Custom CUDA kernels for:\n - Box Intersection over Union (IoU) computation\n - Proposal matcher\n - Generate anchor boxes\n - Pre NMS box selection - Selection of RoIs based on objectness score before NMS is applied.\n \n The source files can be found under `maskrcnn_benchmark/csrc/cuda`.\n \n### Feature support matrix\n \nThe following features are supported by this model. \n \n| **Feature** | **Mask R-CNN** |\n|:---------:|:----------:|\n|Native AMP|Yes|\n|Native DDP|Yes|\n|Native NHWC|Yes|\n \n#### Features\n \n[AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html) is an abbreviation used for automatic mixed precision training.\n \n[Native DDP](https://pytorch.org/docs/master/generated/torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.html); [Apex DDP](https://nvidia.github.io/apex/parallel.html) where DDP stands for DistributedDataParallel and is used for multi-GPU training.\n \n[NHWC](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/memory_format_tutorial.html) is the channels last memory format for tensors.\n \n### Mixed precision training\n \nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format, while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [tensor cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in the Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:\n \n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.\n \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n \nFor information about:\n \n- How to train using mixed precision, see the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n \n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n \n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nIn this repository, mixed precision training is enabled by the [PyTorch native AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html) library. PyTorch has an automatic mixed precision module that allows mixed precision to be enabled with minimal code changes.\n\nAutomatic mixed precision can be enabled with the following code changes:\n```\n# Create gradient scaler\nscaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(init_scale=8192.0)\n\n# Wrap the forward pass in torch.cuda.amp.autocast\nwith torch.cuda.amp.autocast():\n loss_dict = model(images, targets)\n\n# Gradient scaling\nscaler.scale(losses).backward()\nscaler.step(optimizer)\nscaler.update()\n```\nAMP can be enabled by setting `DTYPE` to `float16`.\n \n#### Enabling TF32\n \nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs. \n \nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n \nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n \nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.\n\n### Performance Optimizations\n\n[MLPerf Training](https://mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-11/) is an [ML Commons](https://mlcommons.org/en/) benchmark that measures how fast systems can train models to a target quality metric. MaskRCNN is one of the MLPerf training benchmarks which is improved every year. Some of the performance optimizations used in MLPerf can be introduced to this repository easily to gain significant training speedup. [Here](https://github.com/mlcommons/training_results_v1.1/tree/main/NVIDIA/benchmarks/maskrcnn/implementations/pytorch) is NVIDIA's MLPerf v1.1 submission codebase.\n\nListed below are some of the performance optimization tricks applied to this repository:\n\n- Prefetcher: [PyTorch CUDA Streams](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.cuda.Stream.html) are used to fetch the data required for the next iteration during the current iteration to reduce dataloading time before each iteration.\n- pin_memory: Setting pin_memory can speed up host to device transfer of samples in dataloader. More details can be found in [this blog](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/how-optimize-data-transfers-cuda-cc/).\n- Hybrid Dataloader: Some dataloading is done on the CPU and the rest is on the GPU.\n- FusedSGD: Replace SGD with Apex FusedSGD for training speedup.\n- Native DDP: Use PyTorch [DistributedDataParallel](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/ddp_tutorial.html).\n- Native NHWC: Switching from channels first (NCHW) memory format to NHWC (channels last) gives [better performance](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/dl-performance-convolutional/index.html#tensor-layout).\n\nIncreasing the local batch size and applying the above tricks gives ~2x speedup for end-to-end training time on 8 DGX A100s when compared to the old implementation.","displayName","Mask R-CNN for PyTorch",["D",1667524884326],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/maskrcnn_pyt","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_151":1448,"_153":1449},"ngcApps",[1401],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1382":1383,"_1384":1385,"_1386":1387,"_1388":1389,"_1390":284,"_109":308,"_1391":1392,"_1393":59,"_1394":90,"_1395":90,"_1396":1397,"_1398":90,"_1399":1400},"amplitude",{"_1379":1380,"_982":-7,"_1381":34},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1373":1374,"_1375":1376,"_1377":1378},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1257":389,"_1258":1259,"_1260":1261,"_1262":1263},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_346":1247,"_1248":90,"_1249":34,"_1250":34,"_1251":1252},"consentConfig",{"_328":329,"_330":331,"_332":333,"_334":335,"_336":337,"_338":339,"_340":341,"_342":343,"_344":345,"_346":347},"showContactAdmin",1784165595319,[],[],[322,323,324,325,326,327],{"_48":63,"_50":73,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":70,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":68,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":64,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":60,"_50":61,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":146,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\nThis is a CloudFoundry cookie","OptanonConsent","nvid.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by the cookie compliance solution from OneTrust. It stores information about the categories of cookies the site uses and whether visitors have given or withdrawn consent for the use of each category. This enables site owners to prevent cookies in each category from being set in the users browser, when consent is not given. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year, so that returning visitors to the site will have their preferences remembered. It contains no information that can identify the site visitor.","events.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","sessionid","This is a very generic cookie name that may have different purposes on different sites, but generally it will be some kind of anonymous session identifier.","_csrf","This cookie is used to prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks, ensuring that each request made to the server is from the user's browser and is intentional.","enterprise-support.nvidia.com","Used to apply end-user cookie consent preferences set by our client-side utility.Custom- Short Duration. Unique ID of an Enquiry- used to validate access to case, and load exisiting data.\n","renderCtx","academicgrants.nvidia.com","Used to store site parameters in the session for reuse across requests by a single client for functionality and performance reasons.","ph_phc_yQgAEdJJkVpI24NdSRID2mor1x1leRpDoC9yZ9mfXal_posthog","The PostHog ph_phc_xxx cookie is a session cookie used for identifying and tracking visitors on websites, helping us understand user behavior and website performance.","This cookie is managed by AWS and is used for load balancing.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","This cookie is associated with Akamai and is used to differentiate between traffic from humans and bots.","OptanonAlertBoxClosed","docs.ngc.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by websites using certain versions of the cookie law compliance solution from OneTrust. It is set after visitors have seen a cookie information notice and in some cases only when they actively close the notice down. It enables the website not to show the message more than once to a user. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year and contains no personal information.","nv_co","__uxq412__ses.88c1","investor.nvidia.com","learn.learn.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.","pctrk","Used to count page views by unauthenticated users against license usage.","bm_s","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl36_uccaptcha","bm_sv","store.nvidia.com","The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\n","This cookie name is used by DataDog to determine if cookies are supported on the website.dd_cookie_test","AMP_TLDTEST_xxxxxxxx","SESSlsd","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier used to maintain user session state across page requests.","mboxEdgeCluster","This cookie name is associated with Adobe Target which is used to communicate the correct edge cluster to at.js so that Target profiles can stay in sync as users navigate across a site.","_biz_pendingA","_rdt_em","This cookie name is associated with Reddit which is used to manage session state and user interactions.","megaNavCollapsed","_abck","The _abck cookie is associated with Akamai's Bot Manager, which is used to prevent fraud and abuse by safeguarding online interactions and detecting irregularities that could suggest malicious activity, such as bot-driven attacks or hacking attempts.","AMP_TEST","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.","idccsrf","This cookie name is associated with Salesforce which is used to track CrossSiteRequestForgery validation for certain single sign-on (SSO) flows.","_biz_flagsA","This cookie is used to remember users' settings as well as for authentication and analytics.","ApplicationGatewayAffinity","partners.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure the user has a consistent experience.","AMP_TEST_xxxxxxxx","bm_lso","This cookie name is associated with Akamai which is used to load the site as quickly as possible and to recognize bots.","SSESS###########","This cookie is likely to be a session cookie used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server in a secure environment, often seen in sites built with the Drupal content management system.","nvdeveloper.nvidia.com","__uxq412__id.88c1","QueueITAccepted-SDFrts345E-V3_{eventId}","TEST_AMCV_COOKIE_WRITE","This cookie is used to test whether cookies are enabled in the browser. It is a temporary cookie used to determine if the browser accepts cookies.","session","This cookie is typically used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server.","XSRF-TOKEN","This cookie is written to help with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.This cookie helps with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.","AWS ELB application load balancer","This cookie is associated with Akamai. It is used to analyse traffic to determine if it is automated traffic generated by bots or a human user.","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl78_list_ctl09_systemcaptcha","PHPSESSID","PHP session cookie associated with embedded content from this domain.\n","base.manager.learn.nvidia.com","login_session","bm_ss","This cookie is used to help protect websites from automated bot traffic.","AWS ELB application load balancerUsed to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","_devzone_session","This cookie is likely used to maintain a user session on the website by the server. It is common for session identifiers to be used to keep users logged in and track their interaction with the site during a session.","_cs_c","The cookie is used by Content Square to save the user consent to be tracked.","bm_sz","This cookie is used by Akamai to optimize site performance and security. It is typically associated with the delivery of web content and services.","vcalliance.nvidia.com","ASP.NET_SessionId","General purpose platform session cookie, used by sites written with Microsoft .NET based technologies. Usually used to maintain an anonymised user session by the server.","com.adobe.alloy.getTld","This cookie name is associated with the Adobe WebSDK which is used to determine the top-most domain that can accept cookies.","ApplicationGatewayAffinityCORS","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure all requests from a user during the session are sent to the same server.","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.Supports Amplitude product analytics.","SESSls","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier, used to maintain a user's session state across page requests.","AMP_TLDTEST","c_code","BIGipServerx","This cookie name is associated with the BIG-IP product suite from company F5. Usually associated with managing sessions on load balanced servers, to ensure user requests are routed consistently to the correct server. The common root is BIGipServer most commonly followed by a domain name, usually the one that it is hosted on, but not always.","This cookie is set by websites using certain versions of the cookie law compliance solution from OneTrust. It is set after visitors have seen a cookie information notice and in some cases only when they actively close the notice down. It enables the website not to show the message more than once to a user. The cookie has a one year lifespan and contains no personal information.","default","

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