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This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

Mask R-CNN is a convolution based neural network for the task of object instance segmentation. The paper describing the model can be found here. NVIDIA's Mask R-CNN is an optimized version of Facebook's implementation.This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 1.3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

The repository also contains scripts to interactively launch training, benchmarking and inference routines in a Docker container.

The major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of Mask R-CNN are as follows:

Mixed precision support with PyTorch AMP.
Gradient accumulation to simulate larger batches.
Custom fused CUDA kernels for faster computations.

These techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time by a factor of 1.3x, allowing you to perform more efficient instance segmentation with no additional effort.

Other publicly available implementations of Mask R-CNN include:

Model architecture

Mask R-CNN builds on top of FasterRCNN adding an additional mask head for the task of image segmentation.

The architecture consists of following:

R-50 backbone with FPN
RPN head
RoI ALign
Bounding and classification box head
Mask head

Default Configuration

The default configuration of this model can be found at pytorch/maskrcnn_benchmark/config/defaults.py. The default hyper-parameters are as follows:

\n
General:
\n
- Base Learning Rate set to 0.001
- Global batch size set to 16 images
- Steps set to 30000
- Images re-sized with aspect ratio maintained and smaller side length between [800,1333]
- Global train batch size - 16
- Global test batch size - 8
\n
\n
Feature extractor:
\n
- Backend network set to Resnet50_conv4
- First two blocks of backbone network weights are frozen
\n
\n
Region Proposal Network (RPN):
\n
- Anchor stride set to 16
- Anchor sizes set to (32, 64, 128, 256, 512)
- Foreground IOU Threshold set to 0.7, Background IOU Threshold set to 0.5
- RPN target fraction of positive proposals set to 0.5
- Train Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 12000
- Train Post-NMS Top proposals set to 2000
- Test Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 6000
- Test Post-NMS Top proposals set to 1000
- RPN NMS Threshold set to 0.7
\n
\n
RoI heads:
\n
- Foreground threshold set to 0.5
- Batch size per image set to 512
- Positive fraction of batch set to 0.25
\n

This repository implements multi-gpu and gradient accumulation to support larger batches and mixed precision support. This implementation also includes the following optimizations.

\n
Target generation - Optimized GPU implementation for generating binary mask ground truths from the list of polygon coordinates that exist in the dataset.
\n
\n
Custom CUDA kernels for:
\n
- Box Intersection over Union (IoU) computation
- Proposal matcher
- Generate anchor boxes
- Pre NMS box selection - Selection of RoIs based on objectness score before NMS is applied.
\n
The source files can be found under maskrcnn_benchmark/csrc/cuda.
\n

Feature support matrix

The following features are supported by this model.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	Mask R-CNN
Native AMP	Yes
Native DDP	Yes
Native NHWC	Yes

Features

AMP is an abbreviation used for automatic mixed precision training.

Native DDP; Apex DDP where DDP stands for DistributedDataParallel and is used for multi-GPU training.

NHWC is the channels last memory format for tensors.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format, while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of tensor cores in the Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:

\n
Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
\n
\n
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.
\n

For information about:

\n
How to train using mixed precision, see the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
\n
\n
Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
\n

Enabling mixed precision

In this repository, mixed precision training is enabled by the PyTorch native AMP library. PyTorch has an automatic mixed precision module that allows mixed precision to be enabled with minimal code changes.

Automatic mixed precision can be enabled with the following code changes:

# Create gradient scaler\nscaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(init_scale=8192.0)\n\n# Wrap the forward pass in torch.cuda.amp.autocast\nwith torch.cuda.amp.autocast():\n  loss_dict = model(images, targets)\n\n# Gradient scaling\nscaler.scale(losses).backward()\nscaler.step(optimizer)\nscaler.update()\n

AMP can be enabled by setting DTYPE to float16.

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

Performance Optimizations

MLPerf Training is an ML Commons benchmark that measures how fast systems can train models to a target quality metric. MaskRCNN is one of the MLPerf training benchmarks which is improved every year. Some of the performance optimizations used in MLPerf can be introduced to this repository easily to gain significant training speedup. Here is NVIDIA's MLPerf v1.1 submission codebase.

Listed below are some of the performance optimization tricks applied to this repository:

Prefetcher: PyTorch CUDA Streams are used to fetch the data required for the next iteration during the current iteration to reduce dataloading time before each iteration.
pin_memory: Setting pin_memory can speed up host to device transfer of samples in dataloader. More details can be found in this blog.
Hybrid Dataloader: Some dataloading is done on the CPU and the rest is on the GPU.
FusedSGD: Replace SGD with Apex FusedSGD for training speedup.
Native DDP: Use PyTorch DistributedDataParallel.
Native NHWC: Switching from channels first (NCHW) memory format to NHWC (channels last) gives better performance.

Increasing the local batch size and applying the above tricks gives ~2x speedup for end-to-end training time on 8 DGX A100s when compared to the old implementation.

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So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC should be disabled.","hasReleaseNotes","setup","The following sections list the requirements in order to start training the Mask R-CNN model.\n \n### Requirements\n \nThis repository contains `Dockerfile` which extends the PyTorch NGC container and encapsulates some dependencies. Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n - [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n - [PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/registry/nvidia-pytorch)\n- Supported GPUs:\n- [NVIDIA Volta architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n- [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n- [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n \n For more information about how to get started with NGC containers, see the\n following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning\n Documentation:\n - [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n - [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n - [Running PyTorch](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/pytorch-release-notes/running.html#running)\n \nFor those unable to use the [framework name] NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, see the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the Mask R-CNN model on the COCO 2017 dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, see the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n \n### 1. Clone the repository.\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\ncd DeepLearningExamples/PyTorch/Segmentation/MaskRCNN\n```\n \n### 2. Download and preprocess the dataset.\nThis repository provides scripts to download and extract the COCO 2017 dataset. Data will be downloaded to the `current working` directory on the host and extracted to a user-defined directory\n \nTo download, verify, and extract the COCO dataset, use the following scripts:\n ```\n ./download_dataset.sh \n ```\nBy default, the data is organized into the following structure:\n ```\n \n annotations/\n instances_train2017.json\n instances_val2017.json\n train2017/\n *.jpg\n val2017/\n *.jpg\n ```\n \n### 3. Build the Mask R-CNN PyTorch NGC container.\n```\ncd pytorch/\nbash scripts/docker/build.sh\n```\n \n### 4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference.\nAfter you build the container image, you can start an interactive CLI session with \n```\nbash scripts/docker/interactive.sh \n```\nThe `interactive.sh` script requires that the location on the dataset is specified. For example, `/home//Detectron_PyT/detectron/lib/datasets/data/coco`\n \n### 5. Start training.\n```\nbash scripts/train.sh\n```\nThe `train.sh` script trains a model and performs evaluation on the COCO 2014 dataset. By default, the training script:\n - Uses 8 GPUs.\n - Saves a checkpoint every 2500 iterations and at the end of training. All checkpoints, evaluation results and training logs are saved to the `/results` directory (in the container which can be mounted to a local directory).\n - Mixed precision training with Tensor Cores is invoked by either adding `--amp` to the command line or `DTYPE \\\"float16\\\"` to the end of the above command as shown in the train script. This will override the default `DTYPE` configuration which is tf32 for Ampere and float32 for Volta.\n - Channels last memory format can be set using the `NHWC` flag which is set to `True` by default. Disabling this flag will run training using `NCHW` or channels first memory format.\n \n The `scripts/train.sh` script runs the following Python command:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" \n ```\n \n### 6. Start validation/evaluation.\n ```\n bash scripts/eval.sh\n ```\nModel evaluation on a checkpoint can be launched by running the `pytorch/scripts/eval.sh` script. The script requires:\n- the location of the checkpoint folder to be specified and present within/mounted to the container.\n- a text file named last_checkpoint which contains the path to the latest checkpoint. This mechanism is required in order to resume training from the latest checkpoint.\n- The file last_checkpoint is automatically created at the end of the training process.\n \nBy default, evaluation is performed on the test dataset once training is complete. To skip evaluation at the end of training, issue the `--skip-test` flag.\n \nAdditionally, to perform evaluation after every epoch and terminate training on reaching a minimum required mAP score, set\n- `PER_EPOCH_EVAL = True`\n- `MIN_BBOX_MAP = `\n- `MIN_MASK_MAP = `\n \n### 7. Start inference/predictions.\n \nModel predictions can be obtained on a test dataset and a model checkpoint by running the `scripts/inference.sh ` script. The script requires:\n - the location of the checkpoint folder and dataset to be specified and present within/mounted to the container.\n - a text file named last_checkpoint which contains the path to the checkpoint.\n \nFor example:\n```\nbash scripts/inference.sh configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\n```\n \nModel prediction files get saved in the `/inference` directory and correspond to:\n\n```\nbbox.json - JSON file containing bounding box predictions\nsegm.json - JSON file containing mask predictions\npredictions.pth - All prediction tensors computed by the model in torch.save() format\ncoco_results.pth - COCO evaluation results in torch.save() format - if --skip-eval is not used in the script above\n```\n \nTo perform inference and skip computation of mAP scores, issue the `--skip-eval` flag. Performance is reported in seconds per iteration per GPU. The benchmarking scripts can be used to extract frames per second on training and inference.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n \n### Scripts and sample code\n \nDescriptions of the key scripts and folders are provided below.\n \n- maskrcnn_benchmark - Contains scripts to build individual components of the model such as backbone, FPN, RPN, mask and bbox heads etc.,\n- download_dataset.sh - Launches download and processing of required datasets.\n \n- scripts/ - Contains shell scripts to launch data download, train the model and perform inferences.\n \n - train.sh - Launches model training\n \n - eval.sh - Performs inference and computes mAP of predictions.\n \n - inference.sh - Performs inference on given data.\n \n - train_benchmark.sh - To benchmark training performance.\n \n - inference_benchmark.sh - To benchmark inference performance.\n - docker/ - Scripts to build the docker image and to start an interactive session. \n \n- tools/\n - train_net.py - End to end to script to load data, build and train the model.\n - test_net.py - End to end script to load data, checkpoint and perform inference and compute mAP score.\n \n### Parameters\n#### train_net.py script parameters\nYou can modify the training behaviour through the various flags in both the `train_net.py` script and through overriding specific parameters in the YAML config files. Flags in the `train_net.py` script are as follows:\n \n `--config_file` - path to config file containing model params\n \n `--skip-test` - skips model testing after training\n \n `--opts` - allows for you to override specific params in config file\n \nFor example:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=2 tools/train_net.py \\\n --config-file configs/e2e_faster_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml \\\n DTYPE \"float16\" \\\n NHWC True \\\n OUTPUT_DIR RESULTS \\\n SOLVER.BASE_LR 0.002 \\\n SOLVER.STEPS '(360000, 480000)'\n```\n \n### Command-line options\n \nTo see the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the -h or --help command line option, for example: \n \n`python tools/train_net.py --help`\n \n### Getting the data\nThe Mask R-CNN model was trained on the [COCO 2017](http://cocodataset.org/#download) dataset. This dataset comes with a training and validation set. \n \nThis repository contains the `./download_dataset.sh`,`./verify_dataset.sh`, and `./extract_dataset.sh` scripts which automatically download and preprocess the training and validation sets.\n \n#### Dataset guidelines\n \nIn order to run on your own dataset, ensure your dataset is present/mounted to the Docker container with the following hierarchy:\n```\nmy_dataset/\n images_train/\n images_val/\n instances_train.json\n instances_val.json\n```\nand add it to `DATASETS` dictionary in `maskrcnn_benchmark/config/paths_catalog.py`\n \n```\nDATASETS = {\n \"my_dataset_train\": {\n \"img_dir\": \"data/images_train\",\n \"ann_file\": \"data/instances_train.json\"\n },\n \"my_dataset_val\": {\n \"img_dir\": \"data/images_val\",\n \"ann_file\": \"data/instances_val.json\"\n },\n }\n```\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node= tools/train_net.py \\\n --config-file \\\n | tee \n```\n \n### Training Process\nTraining is performed using the `tools/train_net.py` script along with parameters defined in the config file. The default config files can be found in the `pytorch/configs/` directory.\n \nThe `e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml` file was used to gather accuracy and performance metrics. This configuration sets the following parameters:\n - Backbone weights to ResNet-50\n - Feature extractor set to ResNet-50 with Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN)\n - RPN uses FPN\n - RoI Heads use FPN\n - Dataset - COCO 2017\n - Base Learning Rate - 0.12\n - Global train batch size - 96\n - Global test batch size - 8\n - RPN batch size - 256\n - ROI batch size - 512\n - Solver steps - (12000, 16000)\n - Max iterations - 16667\n - Warmup iterations - 800\n - Warmup factor = 0.0001\n - Initial learning rate = Base Learning Rate x Warmup factor\n \nThe default feature extractor can be changed by setting `CONV_BODY` parameter in `yaml` file to any of the following:\n - R-50-C4\n - R-50-C5\n - R-101-C4\n - R-101-C5\n - R-101-FPN\n \nThe default backbone can be changed to a flavor of Resnet-50 or ResNet-101 by setting `WEIGHT` parameter in `yaml` file to any of the following:\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-50-GN\"\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-101\"\n - \"catalog://ImageNetPretrained/MSRA/R-101-GN\"\n \nThis script outputs results to the current working directory by default. However, this can be changed by adding `OUTPUT_DIR ` to the end of the default command. Logs produced during training are also stored in the `OUTPUT_DIR` specified. The training log will contain information about:\n - Loss, time per iteration, learning rate and memory metrics\n - performance values such as time per step\n - test accuracy and test performance values after evaluation\n \nThe training logs are located in the `/log` directory. The summary after each training epoch is printed in the following format:\n ```\n INFO:maskrcnn_benchmark.trainer:eta: 4:42:15 iter: 20 loss: 1.8236 (2.7274) loss_box_reg: 0.0249 (0.0620) loss_classifier: 0.6086 (1.2918) loss_mask: 0.6996 (0.8026) loss_objectness: 0.5373 (0.4787) loss_rpn_box_reg: 0.0870 (0.0924) time: 0.2002 (0.3765) data: 0.0099 (0.1242) lr: 0.014347 max mem: 3508\n ```\n The mean and median training losses are reported every 20 steps.\n \nMulti-gpu and multi-node training is enabled with the PyTorch distributed launch module. The following example runs training on 8 GPUs:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \\\"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\\\"\n ```\n \nWe have tested batch sizes upto 12 on a 32GB V100 and 80GB A100 with mixed precision. The repository also implements gradient accumulation functionality to simulate bigger batches as follows:\n ```\n python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \\\"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\\\" SOLVER.ACCUMULATE_GRAD True SOLVER.ACCUMULATE_STEPS 4\n ```\n \nBy default, training is performed using FP32 on Volta and TF32 on Ampere, however training time can be reduced further using tensor cores and mixed precision. This can be done by either adding `--amp` to the command line or `DTYPE \\\"float16\\\"` to override the respective parameter in the config file.\n \n__Note__: When training a global batch size >= 32, it is recommended to add required warmup by additionally setting the following parameters:\n - `SOLVER.WARMUP_ITERS 625`\n - `SOLVER.WARMUP_FACTOR 0.01`\n \nWhen experimenting with different global batch sizes for training and inference, make sure `SOLVER.IMS_PER_BATCH` and `TEST.IMS_PER_BATCH` are divisible by the number of GPUs. \n \n#### Other training options\nA sample single GPU config is provided under `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_1GPU.yaml`\n\nTo train with smaller global batch sizes (32 or 64) use `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_bs32.yaml` and `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x_bs64.yaml` respectively.\n \nFor multi-gpu runs, `-m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node num_gpus` is added prior to `tools/train_net.py`. For example, for an 8 GPU run:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" \n```\n \nTraining is terminated when either the required accuracies specified on the command line are reached or if the number of training iterations specified is reached.\n \nTo terminate training on reaching target accuracy on 8 GPUs, run:\n```\npython -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=8 tools/train_net.py --config-file \"configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml\" PER_EPOCH_EVAL True MIN_BBOX_MAP 0.377 MIN_MASK_MAP 0.342\n```\n \n__Note__: The score is always the Average Precision(AP) at\n - IoU = 0.50:0.95\n - Area = all - include small, medium and large\n - maxDets = 100","hasAdvanced","performance","### Benchmarking\nBenchmarking can be performed for both training and inference. Both scripts run the Mask R-CNN model using the parameters defined in `configs/e2e_mask_rcnn_R_50_FPN_1x.yaml`. You can specify whether benchmarking is performed in FP16, TF32 or FP32 by specifying it as an argument to the benchmarking scripts.\n \n#### Training performance benchmark\nTraining benchmarking can performed by running the script:\n```\nscripts/train_benchmark.sh \n```\n \n#### Inference performance benchmark\nInference benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n```\nscripts/inference_benchmark.sh \n```\n \n### Results\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference.\n#### Training Accuracy Results\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | BBOX mAP - TF32| MASK mAP - TF32 | BBOX mAP - FP16| MASK mAP - FP16 | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --\n| 8 | 12 | 0.3765 | 0.3408 | 0.3763 | 0.3417 | 2.15 | 1.85 | 1.16x\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 32GB GPUs.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | BBOX mAP - FP32| MASK mAP - FP32 | BBOX mAP - FP16| MASK mAP - FP16 | Time to train - FP32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --\n| 8 | 12 | 0.3768 | 0.3415 | 0.3755 | 0.3403 | 5.58 | 3.37 | 1.65x\n\nNote: Currently V100 32GB + FP32 + NHWC + Hybrid dataloader causes a slowdown. So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC are disabled `NHWC=False HYBRID=False DTYPE=float32 bash scripts/train.sh`\n \n##### Training loss curves\n \n![Loss Curve](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/PyTorch/Segmentation/MaskRCNN//img/loss_curve.png)\n\n \nHere, multihead loss is simply the summation of losses on the mask head and the bounding box head.\n \n##### Training Stability Test\nThe following tables compare mAP scores across 5 different training runs with different seeds. The runs showcase consistent convergence on all 5 seeds with very little deviation.\n \n| **Config** | **Seed 1** | **Seed 2** | **Seed 3** | **Seed 4** | **Seed 5** | **Mean** | **Standard Deviation** |\n| --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- | ----- |\n| 8 GPUs, final AP BBox | 0.3764 | 0.3766 | 0.3767 | 0.3752 | 0.3768 | 0.3763 | 0.0006 |\n| 8 GPUs, final AP Segm | 0.3414 | 0.3411 | 0.341 | 0.3407 | 0.3415 | 0.3411 | 0.0003 |\n \n#### Training Performance Results\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train_benchmark.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over 500 iterations.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision\n --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- |\n\n| 1 | 12 | 23 | 24 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 |\n| 4 | 12 | 104 | 106 | 1.02 | 4.52 | 4.42 |\n| 8 | 12 | 193 | 209 | 1.08 | 8.39 | 8.71 |\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/train_benchmark.sh` training script in the 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 32GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over 500 iterations.\n \n| GPUs | Batch size / GPU | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision\n| --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | -----\n| 1 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 1.33 | 1 | 1 |\n| 4 | 12 | 44 | 71 | 1.61 | 3.67 | 4.44 |\n| 8 | 12 | 85 | 135 | 1.59 | 7.08 | 8.44 |\n \nNote: Currently V100 32GB + FP32 + NHWC + Hybrid dataloader causes a slowdown. So for all V100 32GB FP32 runs hybrid dataloader and NHWC are disabled `bash scripts/train_benchmark.sh fp32 False False`\nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n \n#### Inference performance results\n \n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference_benchmark.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 23 | 34.91 | 33.87 | 33.95 | 34.15 |\n| 2 | 26 | 59.31 | 57.80 | 57.99 | 58.27 |\n| 4 | 31 | 101.46 | 99.24 | 99.51 | 99.86 |\n| 8 | 31 | 197.57 | 193.82 | 194.28 | 194.77 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 25 | 31.66 | 31.03 | 31.13 | 31.26 |\n| 2 | 28 | 56.91 | 55.88 | 56.05 | 56.02 |\n| 4 | 29 | 104.11 | 102.29 | 102.53 | 102.74 |\n| 8 | 30 | 201.13 | 197.43 | 197.84 | 198.19 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference_benchmark.sh` training script in the PyTorch 21.12-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 1x V100 32GB GPUs. \n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 19 | 44.72 | 43.62 | 43.77 | 44.03 |\n| 2 | 21 | 82.80 | 81.37 | 81.67 | 82.06 |\n| 4 | 22 | 155.25 | 153.15 | 153.63 | 154.10 |\n| 8 | 22 | 307.60 | 304.08 | 304.82 | 305.48 |\n\nFP32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 16 | 52.78 | 51.87 | 52.16 | 52.43 |\n| 2 | 17 | 100.81 | 99.19 | 99.67 | 100.15 |\n| 4 | 17 | 202.05 | 198.84 | 199.98 | 200.92 |\n| 8 | 18 | 389.99 | 384.29 | 385.77 | 387.66 |\n \nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).","hasPerformance","policies",[],{"_76":197,"_78":198,"_168":-5,"_174":30,"_176":30,"_192":196,"_179":86},{"_76":21,"_78":21,"_168":-5,"_174":30,"_176":30,"_192":196,"_179":86},[],"-","Latest (21.12.0)","nvidia/dle/maskrcnn_pyt","key","nvidia/dle/resources/maskrcnn_pyt","resourceType","resources","resourceId","maskrcnn_pyt","shortDescription","Mask R-CNN is a convolution based network for object instance segmentation. This implementation provides 1.3x faster training while maintaining target accuracy.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/maskrcnn-pyt)\n\n \nMask R-CNN is a convolution based neural network for the task of object instance segmentation. The paper describing the model can be found [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06870). NVIDIA's Mask R-CNN is an optimized version of [Facebook's implementation](https://github.com/facebookresearch/maskrcnn-benchmark).This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 1.3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.\n \nThe repository also contains scripts to interactively launch training, benchmarking and inference routines in a Docker container.\n \nThe major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of Mask R-CNN are as follows:\n - Mixed precision support with [PyTorch AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html).\n - Gradient accumulation to simulate larger batches.\n - Custom fused CUDA kernels for faster computations.\n \nThese techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time by a factor of 1.3x, allowing you to perform more efficient instance segmentation with no additional effort.\n \nOther publicly available implementations of Mask R-CNN include:\n - [NVIDIA TensorFlow](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow/Segmentation/MaskRCNN)\n - [NVIDIA TensorFlow2](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow2/Segmentation/MaskRCNN)\n - [Matterport](https://github.com/matterport/Mask_RCNN)\n - [Tensorpack](https://github.com/tensorpack/tensorpack/tree/master/examples/FasterRCNN)\n - [Google's tensorflow model](https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/object_detection)\n \n### Model architecture\n \nMask R-CNN builds on top of FasterRCNN adding an additional mask head for the task of image segmentation.\n \nThe architecture consists of following:\n- R-50 backbone with FPN\n- RPN head\n- RoI ALign\n- Bounding and classification box head\n- Mask head\n \n### Default Configuration\nThe default configuration of this model can be found at `pytorch/maskrcnn_benchmark/config/defaults.py`. The default hyper-parameters are as follows:\n - General:\n - Base Learning Rate set to 0.001\n - Global batch size set to 16 images\n - Steps set to 30000\n - Images re-sized with aspect ratio maintained and smaller side length between [800,1333]\n - Global train batch size - 16\n - Global test batch size - 8\n \n - Feature extractor:\n - Backend network set to Resnet50_conv4\n - First two blocks of backbone network weights are frozen\n \n - Region Proposal Network (RPN):\n - Anchor stride set to 16\n - Anchor sizes set to (32, 64, 128, 256, 512)\n - Foreground IOU Threshold set to 0.7, Background IOU Threshold set to 0.5\n - RPN target fraction of positive proposals set to 0.5\n - Train Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 12000\n - Train Post-NMS Top proposals set to 2000\n - Test Pre-NMS Top proposals set to 6000\n - Test Post-NMS Top proposals set to 1000\n - RPN NMS Threshold set to 0.7\n \n - RoI heads:\n - Foreground threshold set to 0.5\n - Batch size per image set to 512\n - Positive fraction of batch set to 0.25\n \nThis repository implements multi-gpu and gradient accumulation to support larger batches and mixed precision support. This implementation also includes the following optimizations.\n - Target generation - Optimized GPU implementation for generating binary mask ground truths from the list of polygon coordinates that exist in the dataset.\n - Custom CUDA kernels for:\n - Box Intersection over Union (IoU) computation\n - Proposal matcher\n - Generate anchor boxes\n - Pre NMS box selection - Selection of RoIs based on objectness score before NMS is applied.\n \n The source files can be found under `maskrcnn_benchmark/csrc/cuda`.\n \n### Feature support matrix\n \nThe following features are supported by this model. \n \n| **Feature** | **Mask R-CNN** |\n|:---------:|:----------:|\n|Native AMP|Yes|\n|Native DDP|Yes|\n|Native NHWC|Yes|\n \n#### Features\n \n[AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html) is an abbreviation used for automatic mixed precision training.\n \n[Native DDP](https://pytorch.org/docs/master/generated/torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.html); [Apex DDP](https://nvidia.github.io/apex/parallel.html) where DDP stands for DistributedDataParallel and is used for multi-GPU training.\n \n[NHWC](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/memory_format_tutorial.html) is the channels last memory format for tensors.\n \n### Mixed precision training\n \nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format, while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [tensor cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in the Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:\n \n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.\n \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n \nFor information about:\n \n- How to train using mixed precision, see the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n \n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n \n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nIn this repository, mixed precision training is enabled by the [PyTorch native AMP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html) library. PyTorch has an automatic mixed precision module that allows mixed precision to be enabled with minimal code changes.\n\nAutomatic mixed precision can be enabled with the following code changes:\n```\n# Create gradient scaler\nscaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(init_scale=8192.0)\n\n# Wrap the forward pass in torch.cuda.amp.autocast\nwith torch.cuda.amp.autocast():\n loss_dict = model(images, targets)\n\n# Gradient scaling\nscaler.scale(losses).backward()\nscaler.step(optimizer)\nscaler.update()\n```\nAMP can be enabled by setting `DTYPE` to `float16`.\n \n#### Enabling TF32\n \nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs. \n \nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n \nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n \nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.\n\n### Performance Optimizations\n\n[MLPerf Training](https://mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-11/) is an [ML Commons](https://mlcommons.org/en/) benchmark that measures how fast systems can train models to a target quality metric. MaskRCNN is one of the MLPerf training benchmarks which is improved every year. Some of the performance optimizations used in MLPerf can be introduced to this repository easily to gain significant training speedup. [Here](https://github.com/mlcommons/training_results_v1.1/tree/main/NVIDIA/benchmarks/maskrcnn/implementations/pytorch) is NVIDIA's MLPerf v1.1 submission codebase.\n\nListed below are some of the performance optimization tricks applied to this repository:\n\n- Prefetcher: [PyTorch CUDA Streams](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.cuda.Stream.html) are used to fetch the data required for the next iteration during the current iteration to reduce dataloading time before each iteration.\n- pin_memory: Setting pin_memory can speed up host to device transfer of samples in dataloader. More details can be found in [this blog](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/how-optimize-data-transfers-cuda-cc/).\n- Hybrid Dataloader: Some dataloading is done on the CPU and the rest is on the GPU.\n- FusedSGD: Replace SGD with Apex FusedSGD for training speedup.\n- Native DDP: Use PyTorch [DistributedDataParallel](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/ddp_tutorial.html).\n- Native NHWC: Switching from channels first (NCHW) memory format to NHWC (channels last) gives [better performance](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/dl-performance-convolutional/index.html#tensor-layout).\n\nIncreasing the local batch size and applying the above tricks gives ~2x speedup for end-to-end training time on 8 DGX A100s when compared to the old implementation.","displayName","Mask R-CNN for PyTorch",["D",1667524884326],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","versions","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/maskrcnn_pyt","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_107":1417,"_109":1418},"ngcApps",[1370],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1351":1352,"_1353":1354,"_1355":1356,"_1357":1358,"_1359":252,"_138":276,"_1360":1361,"_1362":55,"_1363":86,"_1364":86,"_1365":1366,"_1367":86,"_1368":1369},"amplitude",{"_1348":1349,"_949":-7,"_1350":30},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1342":1343,"_1344":1345,"_1346":1347},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1224":357,"_1225":1226,"_1227":1228,"_1229":1230},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_315":1214,"_1215":86,"_1216":30,"_1217":30,"_1218":1219},"consentConfig",{"_297":298,"_299":300,"_301":302,"_303":304,"_305":306,"_307":308,"_309":310,"_311":312,"_313":314,"_315":316},"showContactAdmin",1783956329284,[],[],[290,291,292,293,294,295],{"_44":59,"_46":70,"_48":102,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":59,"_46":68,"_48":102,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":59,"_46":66,"_48":102,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":59,"_46":60,"_48":102,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":56,"_46":57,"_48":102,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":45,"_46":47,"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":296,"_54":55},5,"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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For more information about our privacy practices, please see our Privacy Policy.","mainText","Cookie Settings","alertNoticeText",{"_1206":1207,"_1208":1209,"_1210":1211,"_1212":1213},"bannerAcceptLabel","Accept All","bannerRejectLabel","Reject Optional","bannerSettingsLabel","Manage Settings","preferenceSaveLabel","Save Choices","preferenceRejectLabel","Decline All","alwaysActiveText","Always Active","groups",[317,318,319,320,321],{"_322":858,"_78":859,"_166":860,"_326":86,"_327":16,"_329":861,"_331":862},{"_322":648,"_78":649,"_166":650,"_326":30,"_327":53,"_329":651,"_331":652},{"_322":548,"_78":549,"_166":550,"_326":30,"_327":58,"_329":551,"_331":552},{"_322":333,"_78":334,"_166":335,"_326":30,"_327":296,"_329":336,"_331":337},{"_322":323,"_78":324,"_166":325,"_326":30,"_327":328,"_329":330,"_331":332},"optanonGroupId","C0005","Social Media Cookies","These cookies are set by a range of social media services that we have added to the site to enable you to share our content with your friends and networks. They are capable of tracking your browser across other sites and building up a profile of your interests. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to use or see these sharing tools.","alwaysActive","order",11,"cookies",[],"hosts",[],"C0004","Advertising Cookies","These cookies record your visit to our websites, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed to influence the advertisements that you see on other websites. These cookies and the information they collect may be managed by other companies, including our advertising partners, and may be used to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant advertising on other sites. We and our advertising partners will use this information to make our websites and the advertising displayed on it, more relevant to your interests.",[466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500],[338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354],{"_355":462,"_209":462,"_166":357,"_329":463},{"_355":457,"_209":457,"_166":357,"_329":458},{"_355":453,"_209":453,"_166":357,"_329":454},{"_355":448,"_209":448,"_166":357,"_329":449},{"_355":443,"_209":443,"_166":357,"_329":444},{"_355":431,"_209":431,"_166":357,"_329":432},{"_355":419,"_209":419,"_166":357,"_329":420},{"_355":414,"_209":414,"_166":357,"_329":415},{"_355":403,"_209":403,"_166":357,"_329":404},{"_355":398,"_209":398,"_166":357,"_329":399},{"_355":393,"_209":393,"_166":357,"_329":394},{"_355":388,"_209":388,"_166":357,"_329":389},{"_355":383,"_209":383,"_166":357,"_329":384},{"_355":378,"_209":378,"_166":357,"_329":379},{"_355":373,"_209":373,"_166":357,"_329":374},{"_355":366,"_209":366,"_166":357,"_329":367},{"_355":356,"_209":356,"_166":357,"_329":358},"hostName","amazon-adsystem.com","",[359,360],{"_78":365,"_362":356,"_363":30,"_166":364},{"_78":361,"_362":356,"_363":30,"_166":364},"ad-privacy","host","isSession","This domain is owned by online retailer Amazon and is used as part of its affiliate marketing programme.","ad-id","doubleclick.net",[368,369],{"_78":372,"_362":366,"_363":30,"_166":371},{"_78":370,"_362":366,"_363":30,"_166":371},"IDE","This domain is owned by Doubleclick (Google). 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It uses the data gathered from most of these services to profile the interests of web users and sell advertising space to organisations based on such interest profiles as well as aligning adverts to the content on the pages where its customer's adverts appear.","tags.srv.stackadapt.com",[405,406,407,408],{"_78":413,"_362":403,"_363":30,"_166":410},{"_78":412,"_362":403,"_363":30,"_166":410},{"_78":411,"_362":403,"_363":30,"_166":410},{"_78":409,"_362":403,"_363":30,"_166":410},"sa-user-id-v3","This domain is associated with StackAdapt, a platform for programmatic advertising, which suggests that it is used for targeting and advertising purposes.","sa-user-id","sa-user-id-v2","sa-user-id-v4","linkedin.com",[416],{"_78":417,"_362":414,"_363":30,"_166":418},"bcookie","This domain is owned by LinkedIn, the business networking platform. 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It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier.","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_identity","_rdt_pn","www.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with www.mind.org.uk which is used for marketing purposes.","ai-podcast.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to identify the user's session on the website and is often associated with analytics or personalization.","_gcl_au","Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services","_mkto_trk","This cookie is associated with an email marketing service provided by Marketo. This tracking cookie allows a website to link visitor behaviour to the recipient of an email marketing campaign, to measure campaign effectiveness.","_gat_gtag_UA_140825383_2","Google Analytics","_zitok","This cookie name is associated with ZoomInfo which is used to maintain a unique visitor identifier and store Personally Identifiable Information.","_rdt_uuid","This cookie is set by Reddit and is used for tracking the views of embedded videos and performance of the advertisements.","AMP_91bf70adfe","Supports Amplitude product analytics.","This cookie name is associated with StackAdapt Inc. which is used to support the effective management and optimization of digital advertising campaigns by handling information such as visitor actions on websites, visited pages, time spent, page load speed, and more.","build.nvidia.com","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_cluster","_cs_nnnnnnnnnnnnn","This is a session cookie. 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It is commonly used for analytics and personalization of content.","marketplace.nvidia.com","AMP_MKTG_92dea1e784","This cookie is typically associated with SnackTools, which is a suite of web applications for creating and sharing multimedia content. It is used to identify a user across sessions and track user activities.","forums.developer.nvidia.com","This cookie is typically associated with the use of Taptap Digital, a company specializing in digital advertising. It is used for tracking and ad personalization purposes.","_tt_enable_cookie","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to collect data about behavior and purchases on the website and to measure the effect of advertising. It is also used to track website activity to help optimize advertising efforts.","AMCV_xxxxxAdobeOrg","This cookie is used to identify a unique visitor for tracking purposes by Adobe Experience Cloud.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.","ttcsid","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to enable TikTok Ads session tracking by assigning a unique session ID to users who click on TikTok ads, allowing for the attribution of user behavior and conversions within the same session.This cookie is associated with TikTok. It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","AMP_MKTG_91bf70adfe","C0003","Personalization Cookies","These cookies collect data about how you have interacted with our website to help us improve your web experience, such as which pages you have visited. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",[588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608],[553,554,555,556,557],{"_355":448,"_209":448,"_166":357,"_329":579},{"_355":414,"_209":414,"_166":357,"_329":574},{"_355":567,"_209":567,"_166":357,"_329":568},{"_355":563,"_209":563,"_166":357,"_329":564},{"_355":558,"_209":558,"_166":357,"_329":559},"nvcrm.my.site.com",[560],{"_78":561,"_362":558,"_363":30,"_166":562},"BrowserId","If you know anything about this cookie and its uses that are not specific to a particular site please add your contributions.","nvidia.partners",[565],{"_78":566,"_362":563,"_363":30,"_166":397},"edge","github.com",[569,570],{"_78":573,"_362":567,"_363":30,"_166":572},{"_78":571,"_362":567,"_363":30,"_166":572},"logged_in","This domain is owned by Github. 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The data is aggregated and analyzed; therefore, it remains anonymous upon use.\n","nvHeadless","This cookie is likely used to track if a user is using the site in a 'headless' non-GUI mode, which could be for accessibility reasons or for automated processes.","_biz_nA","C0002","Performance Cookies","These cookies are used to provide quantitative measures of our website visitors, such as the number of times you visit, time on page, your mouse movements, scrolling, clicks and keystroke activity on the websites; other browsing, search, or product research behavior; and what brought you to our site. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. 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