This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

Model architecture

EfficientNet v1 is developed based on AutoML and Compound Scaling. In particular,\na mobile-size baseline network called EfficientNet v1-B0 is developed from AutoML MNAS Mobile\nframework, the building block is mobile inverted bottleneck MBConv with squeeze-and-excitation optimization.\nThen, through a compound scaling method, this baseline is scaled up to obtain EfficientNet v1-B1\nto B7.

$\"Efficientnet_structure\"$

Default configuration

Here is the Baseline EfficientNet v1-B0 structure.\n $\"Efficientnet$

The following features are supported by this implementation:

\n
General:
\n
- XLA support
- Mixed precision support
- Multi-GPU support using Horovod
- Multi-node support using Horovod
- Cosine LR Decay
\n
\n
Inference:
\n
- Support for inference on a single image is included
- Support for inference on a batch of images is included
\n

Feature support matrix

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	EfficientNet
Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL)	Yes
Multi-GPU training	Yes
Multi-node training	Yes
Automatic mixed precision (AMP)	Yes
XLA	Yes
Gradient Accumulation	Yes
Stage-wise Training	Yes

Features

Multi-GPU training with Horovod

Our model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the TensorFlow tutorial.

Multi-node training with Horovod

Our model also uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-node training.

Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)

Computation graphs can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in Appendix.

Gradient Accumulation

Gradient Accumulation is supported through a custom train_step function. This feature is enabled only when grad_accum_steps is greater than 1.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training previously required two steps:

Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

This can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full mixed precision methodology in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.

In TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.

For information about:

How to train using mixed precision, refer to the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to Using TF-AMP from the TensorFlow User Guide.

Enabling mixed precision

Mixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension, which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a loss scaling step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.

To enable mixed precision, you can simply add the --use_amp to the command-line used to run the model. This will enable the following code:

if params.use_amp:\n    policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\n    tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on NVIDIA Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

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Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n- [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n- [TensorFlow 21.09-py3] NGC container or later\n- Supported GPUs:\n - [NVIDIA Volta architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n - [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n - [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n\nFor more information about how to get started with NGC containers, refer to the following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning Documentation:\n- [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n- [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n- [Running TensorFlow](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/tensorflow-release-notes/running.html#running)\n \nAs an alternative to the use of the Tensorflow2 NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, refer to the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).\n\nFor multi-node, the sample provided in this repository requires [Enroot](https://github.com/NVIDIA/enroot) and [Pyxis](https://github.com/NVIDIA/pyxis) set up on a [SLURM](https://slurm.schedmd.com) cluster.","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the EfficientNet model on the ImageNet dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, refer to the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n\n1. Clone the repository.\n\n\t```\n git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\n \n cd DeepLearningExamples/TensorFlow2/Classification/ConvNets/efficientnet\n\t```\n\n2. Download and prepare the dataset.\n `Runner.py` supports ImageNet with [TensorFlow Datasets (TFDS)](https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/overview). Refer to the [TFDS ImageNet readme](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/master/docs/catalog/imagenet2012.md) for manual download instructions.\n\n3. Build EfficientNet on top of the NGC container.\n `bash ./scripts/docker/build.sh YOUR_DESIRED_CONTAINER_NAME`\n\n4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference. **Ensure that `launch.sh` has the correct path to ImageNet on your machine and that this path is mounted onto the `/data` directory because this is where training and evaluation scripts search for data.** \n \n `bash ./scripts/docker/launch.sh YOUR_DESIRED_CONTAINER_NAME`\n\n5. Start training.\n\n To run training for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP,TF32,FP32}/convergence_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`. For example:\n\n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/training/AMP/convergence_8xA100-80G.sh`\n\n6. Start validation/evaluation.\n\n To run validation/evaluation for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/evaluation/evaluation_{AMP,FP32,TF32}_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`. The evaluation script is configured to use the checkpoint specified in `checkpoint` for evaluation. The specified checkpoint will be read from the location passed by `--model_dir'.For example:\n \n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/evaluation/evaluation_AMP_A100-80G.sh`\n\n7. Start inference/predictions.\n\n To run inference for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/inference/inference_{AMP,FP32,TF32}.sh`.\n Ensure your JPEG images used to run inference on are mounted in the `/infer_data` directory with this folder structure :\n ```\n infer_data\n | |-- images\n | | |-- image1.JPEG\n | | |-- image2.JPEG\n ```\n For example:\n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/inference/inference_AMP.sh`\n\nNow that you have your model trained and evaluated, you can choose to compare your training results with our [Training accuracy results](#training-accuracy-results). You can also choose to benchmark your performance to [Training performance benchmark](#training-performance-results) or [Inference performance benchmark](#inference-performance-results). Following the steps in these sections will ensure that you achieve the same accuracy and performance results as stated in the [Results](#results) section.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n\n### Scripts and sample code\nThe repository is structured as follows:\n- `scripts/` - shell scripts to build and launch EfficientNet container on top of NGC container\n- `efficientnet_{v1,v2}` scripts to launch training, evaluation and inference\n- `model/` - building blocks and EfficientNet model definitions \n- `runtime/` - detailed procedure for each running mode\n- `utils/` - support util functions for learning rates, optimizers, etc.\n- `dataloader/` provides data pipeline utils\n- `config/` contains model definitions\n\n### Parameters\nThe hyper parameters can be grouped into model-specific hyperparameters (e.g., #layers ) and general hyperparameters (e.g., #training epochs). \n\nThe model-specific hyperparameters are to be defined in a python module, which must be passed in the command line via --cfg ( `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py`). To override model-specific hyperparameters, you can use a comma-separated list of k=v pairs (e.g., `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py --mparams=bn_momentum=0.9,dropout=0.5`).\n\nThe general hyperparameters and their default values can be found in `utils/cmdline_helper.py`. The user can override these hyperparameters in the command line (e.g., `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py --data_dir xx --train_batch_size 128`). Here is a list of important hyperparameters:\n\n- `--mode` (`train_and_eval`,`train`,`eval`,`prediction`) - the default is `train_and_eval`.\n- `--use_amp` Set to True to enable AMP\n- `--use_xla` Set to True to enable XLA\n- `--model_dir` The folder where model checkpoints are saved (the default is `/workspace/output`)\n- `--data_dir` The folder where data resides (the default is `/data/`)\n- `--log_steps` The interval of steps between logging of batch level stats.\n\n- `--augmenter_name` Type of data augmentation \n- `--raug_num_layers` Number of layers used in the random data augmentation scheme\n- `--raug_magnitude` Strength of transformations applied in the random data augmentation scheme \n- `--cutmix_alpha` Cutmix parameter used in the last stage of training.\n- `--mixup_alpha` Mixup parameter used in the last stage of training.\n- `--defer_img_mixing` Move image mixing ops from the data loader to the model/GPU (faster training)\n\n- `--eval_img_size` Size of images used for evaluation\n- `--eval_batch_size` The evaluation batch size per GPU \n\n- `--n_stages` Number of stages used for stage-wise training \n- `--train_batch_size` The training batch size per GPU\n- `--train_img_size` Size of images used in the last stage of training\n- `--base_img_size` Size of images used in the first stage of training\n- `--max_epochs` The number of training epochs \n- `--warmup_epochs` The number of epochs of warmup \n- `--moving_average_decay` The decay weight used for EMA \n- `--lr_init` The learning rate for a batch size of 128, effective learning rate will be automatically scaled according to the global training batch size: `lr=lr_init * global_BS/128 where global_BS=train_batch_size*n_GPUs` \n- `--lr_decay` Learning rate decay policy \n- `--weight_decay` Weight decay coefficient\n- `--save_checkpoint_freq` Number of epochs to save checkpoints\n\n**NOTE**: Avoid changing the default values of the general hyperparameters provided in `utils/cmdline_helper.py`. The reason is that some other models supported by this repository may rely on such default values. If you want to change the values, override them via the command line.\n\n### Command-line options\nTo display the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the `-h` or `--help` command-line option, for example:\n`python main.py --help`\n\n### Getting the data\n\nRefer to the [TFDS ImageNet readme](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/master/docs/catalog/imagenet2012.md) for manual download instructions.\nTo train on the ImageNet dataset, pass `$path_to_ImageNet_tfrecords` to `$data_dir` in the command-line.\n\nName the TFRecords in the following scheme:\n\n- Training images - `/data/train-*`\n- Validation images - `/data/validation-*`\n\n### Training process\n\nThe training process can start from scratch or resume from a checkpoint.\n\nBy default, bash script `scripts/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP,FP32,TF32}/convergence_8x{A100-80G,V100-32G}.sh` will start the training process with the following settings.\n - Use 8 GPUs by Horovod\n - Has XLA enabled\n - Saves checkpoints after every 10 epochs to `/workspace/output/` folder\n - AMP or FP32 or TF32 based on the folder `scripts/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}`\n\nThe training starts from scratch if `--model_dir` has no checkpoints in it. To resume from a checkpoint, place the checkpoint into `--model_dir` and make sure the `checkpoint` file points to it.\n#### Multi-node\n\nMulti-node runs can be launched on a Pyxis/enroot Slurm cluster (refer to [Requirements](#requirements)) with the `run_{B0,B4}_multinode.sub` script with the following command for a 4-node NVIDIA DGX A100 example:\n\n```\nPARTITION= sbatch N 4 --ntasks-per-node=8 run_B0_multinode.sub\nPARTITION= sbatch N 4 --ntasks-per-node=8 run_B4_multinode.sub\n```\n \nCheckpoints will be saved after `--save_checkpoint_freq` epochs at `checkpointdir`. The latest checkpoint will be automatically picked up to resume training in case it needs to be resumed. Cluster partition name has to be provided ``.\n \nNote that the `run_{B0,B4}_multinode.sub` script is a starting point that has to be adapted depending on the environment. In particular, pay attention to the variables such as `--container-image`, which handles the container image to train, and `--datadir`, which handles the location of the ImageNet data.\n \nRefer to the scripts to find the full list of variables to adjust for your system.","hasAdvanced","performance","The performance measurements in this document were conducted at the time of publication and may not reflect the performance achieved from NVIDIA's latest software release. For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to [NVIDIA Data Center Deep Learning Product Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference).\n\n### Benchmarking\n\nThe following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference modes.\n\n#### Training performance benchmark\n\nTraining benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B0 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\nTo benchmark training performance with other parameters, run:\n\n`bash ./scripts/B0/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}/train_benchmark_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`\n\nTraining benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B4 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\n`bash ./scripts/B4/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}/train_benchmark_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\n\nInference benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B0 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\nInference benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B4 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\n### Results\n\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference. \n\n#### Training accuracy results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - TF32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 8 | 77.60% | 77.59% | 19.5hrs | 8.5hrs | 2.29 |\n| 16 | 77.51% | 77.48% | 10hrs | 4.5hrs | 2.22 |\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - FP32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - FP32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 8 | 77.67% | 77.69% | 49.0hrs | 38.0hrs | 1.29 |\n| 32 | 77.55% | 77.53% | 11.5hrs | 10hrs | 1.15 |\n\n#### Training accuracy results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on multi-node NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - TF32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 32 | 82.98% | 83.13% | 38hrs | 14hrs | 2.00 |\n| 64 | 83.14% | 83.05% | 19hrs | 7hrs | 2.00 |\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x A100 32GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - FP32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 32 | 82.64% | 82.88% | 97.0hrs | 41.0hrs | 2.37 |\n| 64 | 82.74% | 83.16% | 50.0hrs | 20.5hrs | 2.43 |\n\n#### Training performance results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 1209 | 3454 | 2.85 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 9119 | 20647 | 2.26 | 7.54 | 5.98 |\n| 16 | 17815 | 40644 | 2.28 | 14.74 | 11.77 |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 752 | 868 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 4504 | 4880 | 1.08 | 5.99 | 5.62 |\n| 32 | 15309 | 18424 | 1.20 | 20.36 | 21.23 |\n\n#### Training performance results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 165 | 470 | 2.85 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 1308 | 3550 | 2.71 | 7.93 | 7.55 |\n| 32 | 4782 | 12908 | 2.70 | 28.98 | 27.46 |\n| 64 | 9473 | 25455 | 2.69 | 57.41 | 54.16 |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 79 | 211 | 2.67 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 570 | 1258 | 2.21 | 7.22 | 5.96 |\n| 32 | 1855 | 4325 | 2.33 | 23.48 | 20.50 |\n| 64 | 3568 | 8643 | 2.42 | 45.16 | 40.96 |\n\n#### Inference performance results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the inferencing benchmarking script in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on the NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|-------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 110.97 | 9.09 | 9.02 | 9.04 | 9.09 | #| 95.71 | 10.45 | 10.34 | 10.38 | 10.42 |\n| 8 | 224x224 | 874.91 | 9.12 | 9.04 | 9.08 | 9.12 | #| 616.02 | 12.99 | 12.81 | 12.88 | 12.98 |\n| 32 | 224x224 | 2188.84| 14.62 | 14.35 | 14.43 | 14.52 |\n| 1024 | 224x224 | 9729.85| 105.24 | 101.50 | 103.20 | 105.24 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 127.95 | 7.88 | 7.83 | 7.84 | 7.87 | # 119.26 | 8.38 | 8.30 | 8.34 | 8.37 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 892.27 | 8.97 | 8.88 | 8.91 | 8.94 | # | 803.61 | 9.96 | 9.82 | 9.87 | 9.93 \n| 32 | 224x224 | 2185.02 | 14.65 | 14.33 | 14.43 | 14.54 |\n| 512 | 224x224 | 5253.19 | 97.46 | 96.57 | 97.03 | 97.46 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|-------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 97.53 | 10.25 | 10.11 | 10.13 | 10.21 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 752.72 | 10.63 | 10.49 | 10.54 | 10.59 | \n| 32 | 224x224 | 1768.05| 18.10 | 17.88 | 17.96 | 18.04 |\n| 512 | 224x224 | 5399.88| 94.82 | 92.85 | 93.89 | 94.82 |\n\nFP32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 97.01 | 10.31 | 10.17 | 10.22 | 10.28 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 649.79 | 12.31 | 12.16 | 12.22 | 12.28 | \n| 32 | 224x224 | 1861.65 | 17.19 | 16.98 | 17.03 | 17.10 |\n| 256 | 224x224 | 2829.34 | 90.48 | 89.80 | 90.13 | 90.43 |\n\n#### Inference performance results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\nOur results were obtained by running the inferencing benchmarking script in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on the NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 61.36 | 16.30 | 16.20 | 16.24 | 16.28 | #61.36 16.30 16.20 16.24 16.28| 45.40 | 22.03 | 21.82 | 21.90 | 21.99 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 338.60 | 23.63 | 23.34 | 23.46 | 23.58 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 971.68 | 32.93 | 32.46 | 32.61 | 32.76 |\n| 128 | 380x380 | 1497.21| 85.28 | 83.01 | 83.68 | 84.70 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 60.54 | 16.52 | 16.34 | 16.41 | 16.49 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 366.82 | 21.81 | 21.48 | 21.61 | 21.75 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 642.78 | 49.78 | 49.41 | 49.53 | 49.65 |\n| 64 | 380x380 | 714.55 | 89.54 | 89.00 | 89.17 | 89.34 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 55.71 | 17.95 | 17.68 | 17.93 | 17.86 | #61.36 16.30 16.20 16.24 16.28| 45.40 | 22.03 | 21.82 | 21.90 | 21.99 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 256.72 | 31.16 | 30.92 | 31.02 | 31.12 |\n| 16 | 380x380 | 350.14 | 45.75 | 45.44 | 45.57 | 45.68 |\n| 64 | 380x380 | 805.21 | 79.46 | 78.74 | 78.86 | 79.01 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 49.03 | 20.40 | 20.03 | 20.18 | 20.34 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 258.21 | 30.98 | 30.83 | 30.89 | 30.95 |\n| 16 | 380x380 | 310.84 | 51.47 | 51.26 | 51.34 | 51.42 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 372.23 | 85.97 | 85.70 | 85.79 | 85.89 |","hasPerformance",[],{"_86":182,"_113":234,"_114":-5,"_122":34,"_121":34,"_123":233,"_217":91},{"_86":28,"_113":28,"_114":-5,"_122":34,"_121":34,"_123":233,"_217":91},[],"Latest (21.09.0)","nvidia/dle/efficientnet_v1_tf2","key","nvidia/dle/resources/efficientnet_v1_tf2","resourceId","efficientnet_v1_tf2","shortDescription","EfficientNets are a family of image classification models, which achieve state-of-the-art accuracy, being an order-of-magnitude smaller and faster.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/convnets-tf2)\n\n### Model architecture \nEfficientNet v1 is developed based on AutoML and Compound Scaling. In particular, \na mobile-size baseline network called EfficientNet v1-B0 is developed from AutoML MNAS Mobile\nframework, the building block is mobile inverted bottleneck MBConv with squeeze-and-excitation optimization. \nThen, through a compound scaling method, this baseline is scaled up to obtain EfficientNet v1-B1\nto B7.\n\n![Efficientnet_structure](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cdtb97FtgdA/XO3BHsB7oEI/AAAAAAAAEKE/bmtkonwgs8cmWyI5esVo8wJPnhPLQ5bGQCLcBGAs/s1600/image4.png)\n\n### Default configuration\nHere is the Baseline EfficientNet v1-B0 structure. \n ![Efficientnet v1-B0](https://miro.medium.com/max/1106/1*5oQHqmvS_q9Pq_lZ_Rv51A.png)\n\nThe following features are supported by this implementation: \n- General:\n - XLA support\n - Mixed precision support\n - Multi-GPU support using Horovod\n - Multi-node support using Horovod\n - Cosine LR Decay\n\t\n- Inference:\n - Support for inference on a single image is included\n - Support for inference on a batch of images is included\n\n### Feature support matrix\n\n| Feature | EfficientNet \n|-----------------------|-------------------------- | \n|Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL) | Yes | \n|Multi-GPU training | Yes | \n|Multi-node training | Yes |\n|Automatic mixed precision (AMP) | Yes |\n|XLA | Yes |\n|Gradient Accumulation| Yes | \n|Stage-wise Training| Yes | \n\n#### Features\n**Multi-GPU training with Horovod**\n\nOur model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the [TensorFlow tutorial](https://github.com/horovod/horovod/#usage).\n\n**Multi-node training with Horovod**\n\nOur model also uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-node training. \n\n**Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)**\n\nComputation graphs can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in Appendix.\n\n**Gradient Accumulation**\n\nGradient Accumulation is supported through a custom train_step function. This feature is enabled only when grad_accum_steps is greater than 1.\n\n### Mixed precision training\n\nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [Tensor Cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using [mixed precision training](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) previously required two steps:\n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate. \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n\nThis can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full [mixed precision methodology](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#tensorflow) in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.\n\nIn TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.\n\nFor information about:\n- How to train using mixed precision, refer to the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n- How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to [Using TF-AMP](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/tensorflow-user-guide/index.html#tfamp) from the TensorFlow User Guide.\n\n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nMixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension, which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a [loss scaling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#lossscaling) step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.\n\nTo enable mixed precision, you can simply add the `--use_amp` to the command-line used to run the model. This will enable the following code:\n\n```\nif params.use_amp:\n policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\n tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n```\n\n#### Enabling TF32\n\nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on NVIDIA Volta GPUs. \n\nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n\nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n\nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.","displayName","EfficientNet V1 For Tensorflow2",["D",1667524764538],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/efficientnet_v1_tf2","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_151":1449,"_153":1450},"ngcApps",[1402],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1383":1384,"_1385":1386,"_1387":1388,"_1389":1390,"_1391":285,"_110":309,"_1392":1393,"_1394":59,"_1395":91,"_1396":91,"_1397":1398,"_1399":91,"_1400":1401},"amplitude",{"_1380":1381,"_982":-7,"_1382":34},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1374":1375,"_1376":1377,"_1378":1379},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1257":389,"_1258":1259,"_1260":1261,"_1262":1263},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_346":1247,"_1248":91,"_1249":34,"_1250":34,"_1251":1252},"consentConfig",{"_328":329,"_330":331,"_332":333,"_334":335,"_336":337,"_338":339,"_340":341,"_342":343,"_344":345,"_346":347},"showContactAdmin",1783955653209,[],[],[323,324,325,326,327],{"_48":63,"_50":74,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":70,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":64,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":60,"_50":61,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. 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This function remembers how far the user has scrolled on the current session across the website's sub-pages.","dmn_chk_-xxxxxxxxxxxx","com","Posthog Analytics","_hly_vid","This cookie _hly_vid is used to record website and server performance with each visit to the site. The data is aggregated and analyzed; therefore, it remains anonymous upon use.","_cs_id","blogs.nvidia.com","_session_id","resources.nvidia.com","This cookie creates an interim session ID used as an in-session user ID.\n","s_cc","This cookie is associated with the Adobe Site Catalyst. It determines whether cookies are enabled in the web browser.","_hjSessionUser_xxxxxx","Hotjar cookie that is set when a user first lands on a page with the Hotjar script. It is used to persist the Hotjar User ID, unique to that site on the browser. 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The service also uses cookies for various purposes, including analytics, personalization, and advertising.","readme.io",[952],{"_113":927,"_394":950,"_395":34,"_211":953},"The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. 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As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\nThis is a CloudFoundry cookie","OptanonConsent","nvid.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by the cookie compliance solution from OneTrust. It stores information about the categories of cookies the site uses and whether visitors have given or withdrawn consent for the use of each category. This enables site owners to prevent cookies in each category from being set in the users browser, when consent is not given. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year, so that returning visitors to the site will have their preferences remembered. It contains no information that can identify the site visitor.","events.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","sessionid","This is a very generic cookie name that may have different purposes on different sites, but generally it will be some kind of anonymous session identifier.","_csrf","This cookie is used to prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks, ensuring that each request made to the server is from the user's browser and is intentional.","enterprise-support.nvidia.com","Used to apply end-user cookie consent preferences set by our client-side utility.Custom- Short Duration. Unique ID of an Enquiry- used to validate access to case, and load exisiting data.\n","renderCtx","academicgrants.nvidia.com","Used to store site parameters in the session for reuse across requests by a single client for functionality and performance reasons.","ph_phc_yQgAEdJJkVpI24NdSRID2mor1x1leRpDoC9yZ9mfXal_posthog","The PostHog ph_phc_xxx cookie is a session cookie used for identifying and tracking visitors on websites, helping us understand user behavior and website performance.","This cookie is managed by AWS and is used for load balancing.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","This cookie is associated with Akamai and is used to differentiate between traffic from humans and bots.","OptanonAlertBoxClosed","docs.ngc.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by websites using certain versions of the cookie law compliance solution from OneTrust. It is set after visitors have seen a cookie information notice and in some cases only when they actively close the notice down. It enables the website not to show the message more than once to a user. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year and contains no personal information.","nv_co","__uxq412__ses.88c1","investor.nvidia.com","learn.learn.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.","pctrk","Used to count page views by unauthenticated users against license usage.","bm_s","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl36_uccaptcha","bm_sv","store.nvidia.com","The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\n","This cookie name is used by DataDog to determine if cookies are supported on the website.dd_cookie_test","AMP_TLDTEST_xxxxxxxx","SESSlsd","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier used to maintain user session state across page requests.","mboxEdgeCluster","This cookie name is associated with Adobe Target which is used to communicate the correct edge cluster to at.js so that Target profiles can stay in sync as users navigate across a site.","_biz_pendingA","_rdt_em","This cookie name is associated with Reddit which is used to manage session state and user interactions.","megaNavCollapsed","_abck","The _abck cookie is associated with Akamai's Bot Manager, which is used to prevent fraud and abuse by safeguarding online interactions and detecting irregularities that could suggest malicious activity, such as bot-driven attacks or hacking attempts.","AMP_TEST","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.","idccsrf","This cookie name is associated with Salesforce which is used to track CrossSiteRequestForgery validation for certain single sign-on (SSO) flows.","_biz_flagsA","This cookie is used to remember users' settings as well as for authentication and analytics.","ApplicationGatewayAffinity","partners.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure the user has a consistent experience.","AMP_TEST_xxxxxxxx","bm_lso","This cookie name is associated with Akamai which is used to load the site as quickly as possible and to recognize bots.","SSESS###########","This cookie is likely to be a session cookie used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server in a secure environment, often seen in sites built with the Drupal content management system.","nvdeveloper.nvidia.com","__uxq412__id.88c1","QueueITAccepted-SDFrts345E-V3_{eventId}","TEST_AMCV_COOKIE_WRITE","This cookie is used to test whether cookies are enabled in the browser. It is a temporary cookie used to determine if the browser accepts cookies.","session","This cookie is typically used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server.","XSRF-TOKEN","This cookie is written to help with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.This cookie helps with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.","AWS ELB application load balancer","This cookie is associated with Akamai. It is used to analyse traffic to determine if it is automated traffic generated by bots or a human user.","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl78_list_ctl09_systemcaptcha","PHPSESSID","PHP session cookie associated with embedded content from this domain.\n","base.manager.learn.nvidia.com","login_session","bm_ss","This cookie is used to help protect websites from automated bot traffic.","AWS ELB application load balancerUsed to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","_devzone_session","This cookie is likely used to maintain a user session on the website by the server. It is common for session identifiers to be used to keep users logged in and track their interaction with the site during a session.","_cs_c","The cookie is used by Content Square to save the user consent to be tracked.","bm_sz","This cookie is used by Akamai to optimize site performance and security. It is typically associated with the delivery of web content and services.","vcalliance.nvidia.com","ASP.NET_SessionId","General purpose platform session cookie, used by sites written with Microsoft .NET based technologies. Usually used to maintain an anonymised user session by the server.","com.adobe.alloy.getTld","This cookie name is associated with the Adobe WebSDK which is used to determine the top-most domain that can accept cookies.","ApplicationGatewayAffinityCORS","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure all requests from a user during the session are sent to the same server.","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.Supports Amplitude product analytics.","SESSls","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier, used to maintain a user's session state across page requests.","AMP_TLDTEST","c_code","BIGipServerx","This cookie name is associated with the BIG-IP product suite from company F5. 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