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This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

Model architecture

EfficientNet v1 is developed based on AutoML and Compound Scaling. In particular,\na mobile-size baseline network called EfficientNet v1-B0 is developed from AutoML MNAS Mobile\nframework, the building block is mobile inverted bottleneck MBConv with squeeze-and-excitation optimization.\nThen, through a compound scaling method, this baseline is scaled up to obtain EfficientNet v1-B1\nto B7.

$\"Efficientnet_structure\"$

Default configuration

Here is the Baseline EfficientNet v1-B0 structure.\n $\"Efficientnet$

The following features are supported by this implementation:

\n
General:
\n
- XLA support
- Mixed precision support
- Multi-GPU support using Horovod
- Multi-node support using Horovod
- Cosine LR Decay
\n
\n
Inference:
\n
- Support for inference on a single image is included
- Support for inference on a batch of images is included
\n

Feature support matrix

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	EfficientNet
Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL)	Yes
Multi-GPU training	Yes
Multi-node training	Yes
Automatic mixed precision (AMP)	Yes
XLA	Yes
Gradient Accumulation	Yes
Stage-wise Training	Yes

Features

Multi-GPU training with Horovod

Our model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the TensorFlow tutorial.

Multi-node training with Horovod

Our model also uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-node training.

Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)

Computation graphs can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in Appendix.

Gradient Accumulation

Gradient Accumulation is supported through a custom train_step function. This feature is enabled only when grad_accum_steps is greater than 1.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training previously required two steps:

Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

This can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full mixed precision methodology in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.

In TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.

For information about:

How to train using mixed precision, refer to the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to Using TF-AMP from the TensorFlow User Guide.

Enabling mixed precision

Mixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension, which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a loss scaling step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.

To enable mixed precision, you can simply add the --use_amp to the command-line used to run the model. This will enable the following code:

if params.use_amp:\n    policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\n    tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on NVIDIA Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

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Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n- [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n- [TensorFlow 21.09-py3] NGC container or later\n- Supported GPUs:\n - [NVIDIA Volta architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n - [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n - [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n\nFor more information about how to get started with NGC containers, refer to the following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning Documentation:\n- [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n- [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n- [Running TensorFlow](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/tensorflow-release-notes/running.html#running)\n \nAs an alternative to the use of the Tensorflow2 NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, refer to the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).\n\nFor multi-node, the sample provided in this repository requires [Enroot](https://github.com/NVIDIA/enroot) and [Pyxis](https://github.com/NVIDIA/pyxis) set up on a [SLURM](https://slurm.schedmd.com) cluster.","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the EfficientNet model on the ImageNet dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, refer to the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n\n1. Clone the repository.\n\n\t```\n git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\n \n cd DeepLearningExamples/TensorFlow2/Classification/ConvNets/efficientnet\n\t```\n\n2. Download and prepare the dataset.\n `Runner.py` supports ImageNet with [TensorFlow Datasets (TFDS)](https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/overview). Refer to the [TFDS ImageNet readme](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/master/docs/catalog/imagenet2012.md) for manual download instructions.\n\n3. Build EfficientNet on top of the NGC container.\n `bash ./scripts/docker/build.sh YOUR_DESIRED_CONTAINER_NAME`\n\n4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference. **Ensure that `launch.sh` has the correct path to ImageNet on your machine and that this path is mounted onto the `/data` directory because this is where training and evaluation scripts search for data.** \n \n `bash ./scripts/docker/launch.sh YOUR_DESIRED_CONTAINER_NAME`\n\n5. Start training.\n\n To run training for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP,TF32,FP32}/convergence_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`. For example:\n\n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/training/AMP/convergence_8xA100-80G.sh`\n\n6. Start validation/evaluation.\n\n To run validation/evaluation for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/evaluation/evaluation_{AMP,FP32,TF32}_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`. The evaluation script is configured to use the checkpoint specified in `checkpoint` for evaluation. The specified checkpoint will be read from the location passed by `--model_dir'.For example:\n \n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/evaluation/evaluation_AMP_A100-80G.sh`\n\n7. Start inference/predictions.\n\n To run inference for a standard configuration, **under the container default entry point `/workspace`**, run one of the scripts in the `./efficinetnet_v1/{B0,B4}/inference/inference_{AMP,FP32,TF32}.sh`.\n Ensure your JPEG images used to run inference on are mounted in the `/infer_data` directory with this folder structure :\n ```\n infer_data\n | |-- images\n | | |-- image1.JPEG\n | | |-- image2.JPEG\n ```\n For example:\n `bash ./efficinetnet_v1/B0/inference/inference_AMP.sh`\n\nNow that you have your model trained and evaluated, you can choose to compare your training results with our [Training accuracy results](#training-accuracy-results). You can also choose to benchmark your performance to [Training performance benchmark](#training-performance-results) or [Inference performance benchmark](#inference-performance-results). Following the steps in these sections will ensure that you achieve the same accuracy and performance results as stated in the [Results](#results) section.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n\n### Scripts and sample code\nThe repository is structured as follows:\n- `scripts/` - shell scripts to build and launch EfficientNet container on top of NGC container\n- `efficientnet_{v1,v2}` scripts to launch training, evaluation and inference\n- `model/` - building blocks and EfficientNet model definitions \n- `runtime/` - detailed procedure for each running mode\n- `utils/` - support util functions for learning rates, optimizers, etc.\n- `dataloader/` provides data pipeline utils\n- `config/` contains model definitions\n\n### Parameters\nThe hyper parameters can be grouped into model-specific hyperparameters (e.g., #layers ) and general hyperparameters (e.g., #training epochs). \n\nThe model-specific hyperparameters are to be defined in a python module, which must be passed in the command line via --cfg ( `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py`). To override model-specific hyperparameters, you can use a comma-separated list of k=v pairs (e.g., `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py --mparams=bn_momentum=0.9,dropout=0.5`).\n\nThe general hyperparameters and their default values can be found in `utils/cmdline_helper.py`. The user can override these hyperparameters in the command line (e.g., `python main.py --cfg config/efficientnet_v1/b0_cfg.py --data_dir xx --train_batch_size 128`). Here is a list of important hyperparameters:\n\n- `--mode` (`train_and_eval`,`train`,`eval`,`prediction`) - the default is `train_and_eval`.\n- `--use_amp` Set to True to enable AMP\n- `--use_xla` Set to True to enable XLA\n- `--model_dir` The folder where model checkpoints are saved (the default is `/workspace/output`)\n- `--data_dir` The folder where data resides (the default is `/data/`)\n- `--log_steps` The interval of steps between logging of batch level stats.\n\n- `--augmenter_name` Type of data augmentation \n- `--raug_num_layers` Number of layers used in the random data augmentation scheme\n- `--raug_magnitude` Strength of transformations applied in the random data augmentation scheme \n- `--cutmix_alpha` Cutmix parameter used in the last stage of training.\n- `--mixup_alpha` Mixup parameter used in the last stage of training.\n- `--defer_img_mixing` Move image mixing ops from the data loader to the model/GPU (faster training)\n\n- `--eval_img_size` Size of images used for evaluation\n- `--eval_batch_size` The evaluation batch size per GPU \n\n- `--n_stages` Number of stages used for stage-wise training \n- `--train_batch_size` The training batch size per GPU\n- `--train_img_size` Size of images used in the last stage of training\n- `--base_img_size` Size of images used in the first stage of training\n- `--max_epochs` The number of training epochs \n- `--warmup_epochs` The number of epochs of warmup \n- `--moving_average_decay` The decay weight used for EMA \n- `--lr_init` The learning rate for a batch size of 128, effective learning rate will be automatically scaled according to the global training batch size: `lr=lr_init * global_BS/128 where global_BS=train_batch_size*n_GPUs` \n- `--lr_decay` Learning rate decay policy \n- `--weight_decay` Weight decay coefficient\n- `--save_checkpoint_freq` Number of epochs to save checkpoints\n\n**NOTE**: Avoid changing the default values of the general hyperparameters provided in `utils/cmdline_helper.py`. The reason is that some other models supported by this repository may rely on such default values. If you want to change the values, override them via the command line.\n\n### Command-line options\nTo display the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the `-h` or `--help` command-line option, for example:\n`python main.py --help`\n\n### Getting the data\n\nRefer to the [TFDS ImageNet readme](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/master/docs/catalog/imagenet2012.md) for manual download instructions.\nTo train on the ImageNet dataset, pass `$path_to_ImageNet_tfrecords` to `$data_dir` in the command-line.\n\nName the TFRecords in the following scheme:\n\n- Training images - `/data/train-*`\n- Validation images - `/data/validation-*`\n\n### Training process\n\nThe training process can start from scratch or resume from a checkpoint.\n\nBy default, bash script `scripts/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP,FP32,TF32}/convergence_8x{A100-80G,V100-32G}.sh` will start the training process with the following settings.\n - Use 8 GPUs by Horovod\n - Has XLA enabled\n - Saves checkpoints after every 10 epochs to `/workspace/output/` folder\n - AMP or FP32 or TF32 based on the folder `scripts/{B0,B4}/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}`\n\nThe training starts from scratch if `--model_dir` has no checkpoints in it. To resume from a checkpoint, place the checkpoint into `--model_dir` and make sure the `checkpoint` file points to it.\n#### Multi-node\n\nMulti-node runs can be launched on a Pyxis/enroot Slurm cluster (refer to [Requirements](#requirements)) with the `run_{B0,B4}_multinode.sub` script with the following command for a 4-node NVIDIA DGX A100 example:\n\n```\nPARTITION= sbatch N 4 --ntasks-per-node=8 run_B0_multinode.sub\nPARTITION= sbatch N 4 --ntasks-per-node=8 run_B4_multinode.sub\n```\n \nCheckpoints will be saved after `--save_checkpoint_freq` epochs at `checkpointdir`. The latest checkpoint will be automatically picked up to resume training in case it needs to be resumed. Cluster partition name has to be provided ``.\n \nNote that the `run_{B0,B4}_multinode.sub` script is a starting point that has to be adapted depending on the environment. In particular, pay attention to the variables such as `--container-image`, which handles the container image to train, and `--datadir`, which handles the location of the ImageNet data.\n \nRefer to the scripts to find the full list of variables to adjust for your system.","hasAdvanced","performance","The performance measurements in this document were conducted at the time of publication and may not reflect the performance achieved from NVIDIA's latest software release. For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to [NVIDIA Data Center Deep Learning Product Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference).\n\n### Benchmarking\n\nThe following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference modes.\n\n#### Training performance benchmark\n\nTraining benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B0 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\nTo benchmark training performance with other parameters, run:\n\n`bash ./scripts/B0/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}/train_benchmark_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`\n\nTraining benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B4 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\n`bash ./scripts/B4/training/{AMP, FP32, TF32}/train_benchmark_8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\n\nInference benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B0 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\nInference benchmark for EfficientNet v1-B4 was run on NVIDIA DGX A100 80GB and NVIDIA DGX-1 V100 32GB.\n\n### Results\n\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference. \n\n#### Training accuracy results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - TF32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 8 | 77.60% | 77.59% | 19.5hrs | 8.5hrs | 2.29 |\n| 16 | 77.51% | 77.48% | 10hrs | 4.5hrs | 2.22 |\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - FP32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - FP32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 8 | 77.67% | 77.69% | 49.0hrs | 38.0hrs | 1.29 |\n| 32 | 77.55% | 77.53% | 11.5hrs | 10hrs | 1.15 |\n\n#### Training accuracy results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on multi-node NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - TF32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (TF32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 32 | 82.98% | 83.13% | 38hrs | 14hrs | 2.00 |\n| 64 | 83.14% | 83.05% | 19hrs | 7hrs | 2.00 |\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the training scripts in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x A100 32GB) GPUs. We evaluated the models using both the original and EMA weights and selected the higher accuracy to report.\n\n| GPUs | Accuracy - FP32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | Time to train - TF32 | Time to train - mixed precision | Time to train speedup (FP32 to mixed precision) |\n|----------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| 32 | 82.64% | 82.88% | 97.0hrs | 41.0hrs | 2.37 |\n| 64 | 82.74% | 83.16% | 50.0hrs | 20.5hrs | 2.43 |\n\n#### Training performance results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 1209 | 3454 | 2.85 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 9119 | 20647 | 2.26 | 7.54 | 5.98 |\n| 16 | 17815 | 40644 | 2.28 | 14.74 | 11.77 |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 752 | 868 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 4504 | 4880 | 1.08 | 5.99 | 5.62 |\n| 32 | 15309 | 18424 | 1.20 | 20.36 | 21.23 |\n\n#### Training performance results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - TF32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 165 | 470 | 2.85 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 1308 | 3550 | 2.71 | 7.93 | 7.55 |\n| 32 | 4782 | 12908 | 2.70 | 28.98 | 27.46 |\n| 64 | 9473 | 25455 | 2.69 | 57.41 | 54.16 |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\n| GPUs | Throughput - FP32 | Throughput - mixed precision | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision | \n|-----|------------------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1 | 79 | 211 | 2.67 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 570 | 1258 | 2.21 | 7.22 | 5.96 |\n| 32 | 1855 | 4325 | 2.33 | 23.48 | 20.50 |\n| 64 | 3568 | 8643 | 2.42 | 45.16 | 40.96 |\n\n#### Inference performance results for EfficientNet v1-B0\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the inferencing benchmarking script in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on the NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|-------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 110.97 | 9.09 | 9.02 | 9.04 | 9.09 | #| 95.71 | 10.45 | 10.34 | 10.38 | 10.42 |\n| 8 | 224x224 | 874.91 | 9.12 | 9.04 | 9.08 | 9.12 | #| 616.02 | 12.99 | 12.81 | 12.88 | 12.98 |\n| 32 | 224x224 | 2188.84| 14.62 | 14.35 | 14.43 | 14.52 |\n| 1024 | 224x224 | 9729.85| 105.24 | 101.50 | 103.20 | 105.24 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 127.95 | 7.88 | 7.83 | 7.84 | 7.87 | # 119.26 | 8.38 | 8.30 | 8.34 | 8.37 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 892.27 | 8.97 | 8.88 | 8.91 | 8.94 | # | 803.61 | 9.96 | 9.82 | 9.87 | 9.93 \n| 32 | 224x224 | 2185.02 | 14.65 | 14.33 | 14.43 | 14.54 |\n| 512 | 224x224 | 5253.19 | 97.46 | 96.57 | 97.03 | 97.46 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|-------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 97.53 | 10.25 | 10.11 | 10.13 | 10.21 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 752.72 | 10.63 | 10.49 | 10.54 | 10.59 | \n| 32 | 224x224 | 1768.05| 18.10 | 17.88 | 17.96 | 18.04 |\n| 512 | 224x224 | 5399.88| 94.82 | 92.85 | 93.89 | 94.82 |\n\nFP32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 224x224 | 97.01 | 10.31 | 10.17 | 10.22 | 10.28 | \n| 8 | 224x224 | 649.79 | 12.31 | 12.16 | 12.22 | 12.28 | \n| 32 | 224x224 | 1861.65 | 17.19 | 16.98 | 17.03 | 17.10 |\n| 256 | 224x224 | 2829.34 | 90.48 | 89.80 | 90.13 | 90.43 |\n\n#### Inference performance results for EfficientNet v1-B4\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\nOur results were obtained by running the inferencing benchmarking script in the tensorflow:21.09-tf2-py3 NGC container on the NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 61.36 | 16.30 | 16.20 | 16.24 | 16.28 | #61.36 16.30 16.20 16.24 16.28| 45.40 | 22.03 | 21.82 | 21.90 | 21.99 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 338.60 | 23.63 | 23.34 | 23.46 | 23.58 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 971.68 | 32.93 | 32.46 | 32.61 | 32.76 |\n| 128 | 380x380 | 1497.21| 85.28 | 83.01 | 83.68 | 84.70 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 60.54 | 16.52 | 16.34 | 16.41 | 16.49 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 366.82 | 21.81 | 21.48 | 21.61 | 21.75 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 642.78 | 49.78 | 49.41 | 49.53 | 49.65 |\n| 64 | 380x380 | 714.55 | 89.54 | 89.00 | 89.17 | 89.34 |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) |Latency 95% (ms) |Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 55.71 | 17.95 | 17.68 | 17.93 | 17.86 | #61.36 16.30 16.20 16.24 16.28| 45.40 | 22.03 | 21.82 | 21.90 | 21.99 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 256.72 | 31.16 | 30.92 | 31.02 | 31.12 |\n| 16 | 380x380 | 350.14 | 45.75 | 45.44 | 45.57 | 45.68 |\n| 64 | 380x380 | 805.21 | 79.46 | 78.74 | 78.86 | 79.01 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Resolution | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms) |\n|------------|-----------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 380x380 | 49.03 | 20.40 | 20.03 | 20.18 | 20.34 |\n| 8 | 380x380 | 258.21 | 30.98 | 30.83 | 30.89 | 30.95 |\n| 16 | 380x380 | 310.84 | 51.47 | 51.26 | 51.34 | 51.42 |\n| 32 | 380x380 | 372.23 | 85.97 | 85.70 | 85.79 | 85.89 |","hasPerformance","policies",[],{"_76":21,"_78":198,"_169":-5,"_175":31,"_177":31,"_193":197,"_180":86},{"_76":23,"_78":23,"_169":-5,"_175":31,"_177":31,"_193":197,"_180":86},[],"Latest (21.09.0)","nvidia/dle/efficientnet_v1_tf2","key","nvidia/dle/resources/efficientnet_v1_tf2","resourceType","resources","resourceId","efficientnet_v1_tf2","shortDescription","EfficientNets are a family of image classification models, which achieve state-of-the-art accuracy, being an order-of-magnitude smaller and faster.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/convnets-tf2)\n\n### Model architecture \nEfficientNet v1 is developed based on AutoML and Compound Scaling. In particular, \na mobile-size baseline network called EfficientNet v1-B0 is developed from AutoML MNAS Mobile\nframework, the building block is mobile inverted bottleneck MBConv with squeeze-and-excitation optimization. \nThen, through a compound scaling method, this baseline is scaled up to obtain EfficientNet v1-B1\nto B7.\n\n![Efficientnet_structure](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cdtb97FtgdA/XO3BHsB7oEI/AAAAAAAAEKE/bmtkonwgs8cmWyI5esVo8wJPnhPLQ5bGQCLcBGAs/s1600/image4.png)\n\n### Default configuration\nHere is the Baseline EfficientNet v1-B0 structure. \n ![Efficientnet v1-B0](https://miro.medium.com/max/1106/1*5oQHqmvS_q9Pq_lZ_Rv51A.png)\n\nThe following features are supported by this implementation: \n- General:\n - XLA support\n - Mixed precision support\n - Multi-GPU support using Horovod\n - Multi-node support using Horovod\n - Cosine LR Decay\n\t\n- Inference:\n - Support for inference on a single image is included\n - Support for inference on a batch of images is included\n\n### Feature support matrix\n\n| Feature | EfficientNet \n|-----------------------|-------------------------- | \n|Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL) | Yes | \n|Multi-GPU training | Yes | \n|Multi-node training | Yes |\n|Automatic mixed precision (AMP) | Yes |\n|XLA | Yes |\n|Gradient Accumulation| Yes | \n|Stage-wise Training| Yes | \n\n#### Features\n**Multi-GPU training with Horovod**\n\nOur model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the [TensorFlow tutorial](https://github.com/horovod/horovod/#usage).\n\n**Multi-node training with Horovod**\n\nOur model also uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-node training. \n\n**Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)**\n\nComputation graphs can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in Appendix.\n\n**Gradient Accumulation**\n\nGradient Accumulation is supported through a custom train_step function. This feature is enabled only when grad_accum_steps is greater than 1.\n\n### Mixed precision training\n\nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [Tensor Cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using [mixed precision training](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) previously required two steps:\n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate. \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n\nThis can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full [mixed precision methodology](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#tensorflow) in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.\n\nIn TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.\n\nFor information about:\n- How to train using mixed precision, refer to the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n- How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to [Using TF-AMP](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/tensorflow-user-guide/index.html#tfamp) from the TensorFlow User Guide.\n\n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nMixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension, which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a [loss scaling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#lossscaling) step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.\n\nTo enable mixed precision, you can simply add the `--use_amp` to the command-line used to run the model. This will enable the following code:\n\n```\nif params.use_amp:\n policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\n tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n```\n\n#### Enabling TF32\n\nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on NVIDIA Volta GPUs. \n\nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n\nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n\nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.","displayName","EfficientNet V1 For Tensorflow2",["D",1667524764538],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","versions","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/efficientnet_v1_tf2","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_107":1416,"_109":1417},"ngcApps",[1369],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1350":1351,"_1352":1353,"_1354":1355,"_1356":1357,"_1358":252,"_138":276,"_1359":1360,"_1361":56,"_1362":86,"_1363":86,"_1364":1365,"_1366":86,"_1367":1368},"amplitude",{"_1347":1348,"_948":-7,"_1349":31},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1341":1342,"_1343":1344,"_1345":1346},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1223":355,"_1224":1225,"_1226":1227,"_1228":1229},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_313":1213,"_1214":86,"_1215":31,"_1216":31,"_1217":1218},"consentConfig",{"_295":296,"_297":298,"_299":300,"_301":302,"_303":304,"_305":306,"_307":308,"_309":310,"_311":312,"_313":314},"showContactAdmin",1783955637211,[],[],[290,291,292,293,294],{"_45":60,"_47":70,"_49":102,"_51":-5,"_53":-5,"_55":56},{"_45":60,"_47":68,"_49":102,"_51":-5,"_53":-5,"_55":56},{"_45":60,"_47":61,"_49":102,"_51":-5,"_53":-5,"_55":56},{"_45":57,"_47":58,"_49":102,"_51":-5,"_53":-5,"_55":56},{"_45":46,"_47":48,"_49":102,"_51":-5,"_53":-5,"_55":56},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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We and our advertising partners will use this information to make our websites and the advertising displayed on it, more relevant to your interests.",[464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498],[336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352],{"_353":460,"_209":460,"_167":355,"_327":461},{"_353":455,"_209":455,"_167":355,"_327":456},{"_353":451,"_209":451,"_167":355,"_327":452},{"_353":446,"_209":446,"_167":355,"_327":447},{"_353":441,"_209":441,"_167":355,"_327":442},{"_353":429,"_209":429,"_167":355,"_327":430},{"_353":417,"_209":417,"_167":355,"_327":418},{"_353":412,"_209":412,"_167":355,"_327":413},{"_353":401,"_209":401,"_167":355,"_327":402},{"_353":396,"_209":396,"_167":355,"_327":397},{"_353":391,"_209":391,"_167":355,"_327":392},{"_353":386,"_209":386,"_167":355,"_327":387},{"_353":381,"_209":381,"_167":355,"_327":382},{"_353":376,"_209":376,"_167":355,"_327":377},{"_353":371,"_209":371,"_167":355,"_327":372},{"_353":364,"_209":364,"_167":355,"_327":365},{"_353":354,"_209":354,"_167":355,"_327":356},"hostName","amazon-adsystem.com","",[357,358],{"_78":363,"_360":354,"_361":31,"_167":362},{"_78":359,"_360":354,"_361":31,"_167":362},"ad-privacy","host","isSession","This domain is owned by online retailer Amazon and is used as part of its affiliate marketing programme.","ad-id","doubleclick.net",[366,367],{"_78":370,"_360":364,"_361":31,"_167":369},{"_78":368,"_360":364,"_361":31,"_167":369},"IDE","This domain is owned by Doubleclick (Google). 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It is used as a URL shortening service, which allows Twitter to collect data on how links are shared.","snowplow.com",[393],{"_78":394,"_360":391,"_361":31,"_167":395},"sp","Testing","google.com",[398],{"_78":399,"_360":396,"_361":31,"_167":400},"NID","This domain is owned by Google Inc. Although Google is primarily known as a search engine, the company provides a diverse range of products and services. Its main source of revenue however is advertising. Google tracks users extensively both through its own products and sites, and the numerous technologies embedded into many millions of websites around the world. It uses the data gathered from most of these services to profile the interests of web users and sell advertising space to organisations based on such interest profiles as well as aligning adverts to the content on the pages where its customer's adverts appear.","tags.srv.stackadapt.com",[403,404,405,406],{"_78":411,"_360":401,"_361":31,"_167":408},{"_78":410,"_360":401,"_361":31,"_167":408},{"_78":409,"_360":401,"_361":31,"_167":408},{"_78":407,"_360":401,"_361":31,"_167":408},"sa-user-id-v3","This domain is associated with StackAdapt, a platform for programmatic advertising, which suggests that it is used for targeting and advertising purposes.","sa-user-id","sa-user-id-v2","sa-user-id-v4","linkedin.com",[414],{"_78":415,"_360":412,"_361":31,"_167":416},"bcookie","This domain is owned by LinkedIn, the business networking platform. It typically acts as a third party host where website owners have placed one of its content sharing buttons in their pages, although its content and services can be embedded in other ways. Although such buttons add functionality to the website they are on, cookies are set regardless of whether or not the visitor has an active Linkedin profile, or agreed to their terms and conditions. For this reason it is classified as a primarily tracking/targeting domain.","twitter.com",[419,420,421,422],{"_78":428,"_360":417,"_361":31,"_167":424},{"_78":426,"_360":417,"_361":31,"_167":427},{"_78":425,"_360":417,"_361":31,"_167":424},{"_78":423,"_360":417,"_361":31,"_167":424},"personalization_id","This domain is owned by Twitter. The main business activity is: Social Networking Services. 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It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier.","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_identity","_rdt_pn","www.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with www.mind.org.uk which is used for marketing purposes.","ai-podcast.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to identify the user's session on the website and is often associated with analytics or personalization.","_gcl_au","Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services","_mkto_trk","This cookie is associated with an email marketing service provided by Marketo. This tracking cookie allows a website to link visitor behaviour to the recipient of an email marketing campaign, to measure campaign effectiveness.","_gat_gtag_UA_140825383_2","Google Analytics","_zitok","This cookie name is associated with ZoomInfo which is used to maintain a unique visitor identifier and store Personally Identifiable Information.","_rdt_uuid","This cookie is set by Reddit and is used for tracking the views of embedded videos and performance of the advertisements.","AMP_91bf70adfe","Supports Amplitude product analytics.","This cookie name is associated with StackAdapt Inc. which is used to support the effective management and optimization of digital advertising campaigns by handling information such as visitor actions on websites, visited pages, time spent, page load speed, and more.","build.nvidia.com","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_cluster","_cs_nnnnnnnnnnnnn","This is a session cookie. 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It is commonly used for analytics and personalization of content.","marketplace.nvidia.com","AMP_MKTG_92dea1e784","This cookie is typically associated with SnackTools, which is a suite of web applications for creating and sharing multimedia content. It is used to identify a user across sessions and track user activities.","forums.developer.nvidia.com","This cookie is typically associated with the use of Taptap Digital, a company specializing in digital advertising. It is used for tracking and ad personalization purposes.","_tt_enable_cookie","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to collect data about behavior and purchases on the website and to measure the effect of advertising. It is also used to track website activity to help optimize advertising efforts.","AMCV_xxxxxAdobeOrg","This cookie is used to identify a unique visitor for tracking purposes by Adobe Experience Cloud.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.","ttcsid","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to enable TikTok Ads session tracking by assigning a unique session ID to users who click on TikTok ads, allowing for the attribution of user behavior and conversions within the same session.This cookie is associated with TikTok. It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","AMP_MKTG_91bf70adfe","C0003","Personalization Cookies","These cookies collect data about how you have interacted with our website to help us improve your web experience, such as which pages you have visited. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",4,[587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607],[552,553,554,555,556],{"_353":446,"_209":446,"_167":355,"_327":578},{"_353":412,"_209":412,"_167":355,"_327":573},{"_353":566,"_209":566,"_167":355,"_327":567},{"_353":562,"_209":562,"_167":355,"_327":563},{"_353":557,"_209":557,"_167":355,"_327":558},"nvcrm.my.site.com",[559],{"_78":560,"_360":557,"_361":31,"_167":561},"BrowserId","If you know anything about this cookie and its uses that are not specific to a particular site please add your contributions.","nvidia.partners",[564],{"_78":565,"_360":562,"_361":31,"_167":395},"edge","github.com",[568,569],{"_78":572,"_360":566,"_361":31,"_167":571},{"_78":570,"_360":566,"_361":31,"_167":571},"logged_in","This domain is owned by Github. 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We have categorized it under Functionality because it is necessary for the operation of our affiliate program.","nv.modal.cuda","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal popup functionality on NVIDIA's website, possibly to remember user preferences or interactions with the modal.","readme_library","docs.api.nvidia.com","_im_ses.1006927","geo_locator","nv.modal.deepstream","openedx-language-preference","learn.nvidia.com","doxygen_width","raytracing-docs.nvidia.com","This cookie is likely used to remember the width preferences of a sidebar or interface element within a documentation platform like Doxygen.","_sfid_eb78","This cookie is categorized as Functionality Cookie.","_im_id.1006927","_hjUserAttributesHash","docs.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with Hotjar which is used to know when any user attribute has changed and needs to be updated.","mbox","Cookie set by Adobe SiteCatalyst analytics software - used for measuring the performance of page content using A/B split testing","nv.modal.cudnn","This cookie name suggests it is related to modal popup handling or user interface preferences on NVIDIA's website, specifically for the cuDNN library section.","readme_language","nv.modal.hpc","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal pop-up on a website, possibly to control the display of a high-priority cookie notice or other important information to the user.","at_check","Used by Adobe Target to check if cookies are enabled/supported on the browser","_biz_uid","This cookie is used to record website and server performance with each visit to the site. The data is aggregated and analyzed; therefore, it remains anonymous upon use.\n","nvHeadless","This cookie is likely used to track if a user is using the site in a 'headless' non-GUI mode, which could be for accessibility reasons or for automated processes.","_biz_nA","C0002","Performance Cookies","These cookies are used to provide quantitative measures of our website visitors, such as the number of times you visit, time on page, your mouse movements, scrolling, clicks and keystroke activity on the websites; other browsing, search, or product research behavior; and what brought you to our site. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. Information collected with these cookies is used to measure and find ways to improve website 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