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Changelog

May 2022

Initial Release

Known Issues

The dataloader is a bottleneck during training thus to gain any more performance boosts the dataloader needs to be improved.

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This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

EfficientDet is a family of convolution-based neural networks for object detection. Specifically, this repository covers model D0. This model is based on EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detection. NVIDIA's implementation of EfficientDet-D0 is an optimized version of TensorFlow Automl implementation, leveraging mixed precision arithmetic on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures for faster training times while maintaining target accuracy.

The EfficientDet model covered in this repository is tested against each NGC monthly released container to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

The major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of EfficientDet are as follows:

Automatic mixed precision (AMP) training support
Multi-node training support using Horovod
XLA enabled for better performance
Lightweight logging using dllogger
EfficientNet backbone implemented by NVIDIA
Use BatchNormalization instead of SyncBatchNormalization for better performance

These techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time, allowing you to perform more efficient object detection with no additional effort.

Other publicly available implementations of EfficientDet include:

Google's automl
PyTorch version

Model architecture

EfficientDet is a one-stage detector with the following architecture components:

ImageNet-pretrained EfficientNet backbone
Weighted bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN)
Bounding and classification box head
A compound scaling method that uniformly scales the resolution, depth, and width for all backbone, feature network, and box/class prediction networks at the same time

Feature support matrix

The model supports the following features.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	EfficientDet
Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL)	Yes
Multi-GPU training	Yes
Multi-node training	Yes
XLA	Yes
AMP (Automatic Mixed Precision)	Yes

Features

Horovod is used to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. It is also used for multi-node training. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the TensorFlow tutorial.

AMP or Automatic Mixed Precision modifies computation graphs during runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found below.

Automatic Mixed Precision

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere Architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training previously required two steps:

Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

This can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full mixed precision methodology in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.

In TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16. The loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.

For information about:

How to train using mixed precision, refer to the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to Using TF-AMP from the TensorFlow User Guide.

Enabling AMP

Mixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a loss scaling step must be included when applying gradients.

In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.

To enable mixed precision, you can simply add --amp=True to the training command. This will enable the following code:

policy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\ntf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) Compute Mode

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

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Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n - [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n - [TensorFlow 22.03-tf2-py3 NGC container or later](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow)\n - Supported GPUs:\n - [NVIDIA Volta architecture: 32GB](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n - [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n - [NVIDIA Ampere architecture: 80GB](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n \n For more information about how to get started with NGC containers, refer to the\n following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning\n Documentation:\n - [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n - [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n - [Running TensorFlow](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/tensorflow-release-notes/running.html#running)\n \nFor those unable to use the TensorFlow NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, refer to the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).\n \nFor multi-node, the sample provided in this repository requires [Enroot](https://github.com/NVIDIA/enroot) and [Pyxis](https://github.com/NVIDIA/pyxis) to be set up on a [SLURM](https://slurm.schedmd.com) cluster.","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the EfficientDet on the COCO 2017 dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, refer to the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n \n### 1. Clone the repository\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\ncd DeepLearningExamples/Tensorflow2/Detection/EfficientDet\n```\n\n### 2. Download and preprocess the dataset\n\nTo download COCO 2017 images and annotations and convert them to tfrecords, run the script as follows:\n```bash\nbash dataset/get_coco.sh\n```\n\nBy default, the data is organized into the following structure:\n```\n\n train-*****-of-00256.tfrecord\n val-*****-of-00032.tfrecord\n```\n\n### 3. Build the EfficientDet PyTorch NGC container\n```\nbash scripts/docker/build.sh\n```\n\n### 4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference\nAfter you build the container image, you can start an interactive CLI session with \n```\nDATA= BACKBONE_CKPT= bash scripts/docker/interactive.sh\n```\nNote: The `interactive.sh` script requires the location of the dataset and the pretrained checkpoint to be passed.\n\n### 5. Start training\n```\nbash ./scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-{8, 32}x{V100-32G, A100-80G}.sh\n```\nThe training scripts train EfficientDet-D0 and perform an evaluation on the COCO 2017 dataset. By default, the training script runs training on standard configuration (DGX A100/DGX-1 V100, AMP/FP32/TF32, 300 epochs). Run one of the scripts in `scripts/D0` directory using `bash scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-{8, 32}x{V100-32G, A100-80G}.sh`. Ensure COCO-2017 tfrecords are mounted to `/workspace/coco` and EfficientNet-B0 backbone weights are mounted to `/workspace/checkpoints`. The backbone checkpoint can be downloaded from [this](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/models/efficientnet_tf2_savedmodel_nohead_b0_amp_cosine) location.\n\nAfter training, the logs are present in the model directory where the data is organized in the following structure:\n```\n\n ema_weights *contains the ema checkpoints of the model, checkpointed after every 10 epochs of training*\n checkpoint\n emackpt-10.data-00000-of-00001\n emackpt-10.index\n emackpt-20.data-00000-of-00001\n emackpt-20.index\n ...\n emackpt-300.data-00000-of-00001\n emackpt-300.index\n emackpt-final *final savedmodel with ema weights which can be used for inference*\n assets\n variables\n variables.data-00000-of-00001\n variables.index\n keras_metadata.pb\n saved_model.pb\n train *tensorboard logs*\n events.out.tfevents.*\n checkpoint\n ckpt.data-00000-of-00001\n ckpt.index\n ckpt-final.data-00000-of-00001\n ckpt-final.index\n time_log.txt *dllogger logs*\n train-.log *training log file*\n```\n\n### 6. Start validation/evaluation\n\nTo run validation/evaluation for a standard configuration (DGX A100/DGX-1 V100, AMP/TF32/FP32, EfficientDet-D0),\nrun one of the evaluation scripts in `scripts/D0` directory using `bash scripts/D0/evaluate-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-{8, 32}x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh`.\nThe script requires:\n - `CKPT` is the path to the checkpoint that needs to be evaluated. For example, `CKPT=/tmp/convergence-AMP-8xA100-80G/ema_weights/emackpt-300`\n\nEvaluation command:\n```bash\nCKPT= bash ./scripts/D0/evaluate-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-{8, 32}x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh\n```\n\nEnsure COCO-2017 is mounted in `/workspace/coco`.\n\n### 7. Inference benchmark\n\nInference loop can be benchmarked by running the `scripts/D0/inference-benchmark.sh` script. The script requires:\n - batch size to use for inference `BS`. For example, `BS=128`\n - Boolean to enable/disable `AMP` (Automatic Mixed Precision)\n\nInference benchmark command:\n```bash\nBS= AMP= bash scripts/D0/inference-benchmark.sh\n```\n\n### 8. Inference/Prediction\n\nModel predictions can be obtained by running the `scripts/D0/inference.sh` script. This script reads a test image and annotates the image after object detection by drawing boxes on the objects in the image. The script requires:\n - `MODEL_DIR` in which the file `checkpoint` contains path to the latest checkpoint that needs to be used for inference. For example, `MODEL_DIR=/tmp/convergence-AMP-8xA100-80G/ema_weights`\n\nInference command:\n```bash\nMODEL_DIR= bash scripts/D0/inference.sh\n```\n\nNote that the above script assumes that the test image is present in `testdata` and is named `img1.jpg`.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n \n### Scripts and sample code\n \nDescriptions of the key scripts and folders are provided below.\n \n- `model` and `object_detection` - Contains code to build individual components of the model such as backbone, FPN, RPN, classification and bbox heads, and so on.\n- data - Contains code to convert raw data to tfrecords\n- dataset - Contains code to build the data pipeline such as dataloader, transforms, dataset builder.\n- scripts/ - Contains shell scripts to launch training and evaluation of the model and perform inference.\n\n - D0/convergence-{AMP, TF32, FP32}-{8, 32}x{V100-32G, A100-80G}.sh - Launches model training\n \n \t- D0/evaluate-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-{8, 32}x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh - Performs inference and computes mAP of predictions.\n\n - D0/inference.sh - Performs inference on an image\n\n - D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, TF32, FP32}-{V100-32G, A100-80G}.sh - Launches model training for 500 iterations to benchmark training\n\n - D0/inference-benchmark.sh - Benchmarks inference\n \n \t- docker/ - Scripts to build the docker image and to start an interactive session\n \n- utils/\n - Contains utility components like default hyper parameters, checkpoint utils, training utils, and so on.\n\n- train.py - End to end to script to load data, build and train the model.\n- eval.py - End to end script to load data and checkpoint to perform inference and compute mAP scores.\n \n### Parameters\n\n#### train.py script parameters\n\nImportant parameters for training are listed below with defaults.\n\n### Command-line options\n \nTo display the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the --helpshort command-line option:\n\n```\n --amp: Enable mixed precision training\n --backbone_init: Initialize backbone weights from \n checkpoint in this directory\n --batch_size: training local batch size\n --benchmark: Train for a fixed number of steps for performance\n --benchmark_steps: Train for these many steps to benchmark training\n performance\n --checkpoint_period: Save ema model weights after every X epochs for eval\n --debug: Enable debug mode\n --enable_map_parallelization: \n Parallelize stateless map transformations in dataloader\n --eval_samples: The number of samples for evaluation.\n --hparams: Comma separated k=v pairs of hyperparameters or a module \n containing attributes to use as hyperparameters\n --log_filename: Filename for dllogger logs\n --log_steps: Interval of steps between logging of batch level stats\n --lr: Learning rate\n --lr_tb: Log learning rate at each step to TB\n --training_mode: Training mode (train/traineval/train300)\n --model_dir: Location of model_dir\n --model_name: Model name\n --num_epochs: Number of epochs for training\n --num_examples_per_epoch: \n Number of examples in one epoch (coco is 117266).\n Default is 120000.\n --pretrained_ckpt: Start training from this EfficientDet checkpoint.\n --seed: Random seed\n --set_num_threads: Set inter-op and intra-op parallelism threads\n --testdev_dir: COCO testdev dir. If not None, ignore val_json_file.\n --time_history: Get time history\n --training_file_pattern: \n Glob for training data files, e.g., coco/train-*.tfrecord.\n --use_fake_data: Use fake input\n --use_xla: Use XLA\n --val_file_pattern: Glob for eval tfrecords, e.g. coco/val-*.tfrecord.\n --val_json_file: COCO validation JSON containing golden bounding boxes. If\n None, use the ground truth from the dataloader. Ignored if \n testdev_dir is not None.\n --validate: Get validation loss after each epoch\n --warmup_epochs: Number of warmup epochs\n --warmup_value: Initial warmup value\n```\n\nThe default `training_mode` (`traineval`) is training along with evaluation. Note that evaluation starts only after 200 epochs of training, and the frequency of evaluation can be set by setting `checkpoint_period=` which is currently set to 10. Also, in the `traineval` `training_mode`, the model stops training at 300 epochs to avoid overfitting. To run only training without evaluation, set the `training_mode` to train. In this `training_mode`, the ema checkpoints are stored in path `model_dir/ema_weights/` every `checkpoint_period` (in epochs) . The training stops after training for 75% of the total number of epochs, and the last ema-weight checkpoint is evaluated.\nFor benchmarking only the training time for 300 epochs, the `training_mode` can be set to `train300` where the model trains for exactly 300 epochs without any evaluation.\n \n### Getting the data\nBy default, the EfficientDet model is trained on the [COCO 2017](http://cocodataset.org/#download) dataset. This dataset comes with a training and validation set. Follow steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide) to download and pre-process the dataset into tfrecord format.\n \n### Training Process\nTraining is performed using the `train.py` script. The default parameters can be overridden by command-line arguments.\n \nThe training process can start from scratch or resume from a checkpoint.\n\nBy default, bash script `scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}.sh` will start the training process from scratch with the following settings.\n - Use 8 GPUs\n - Saves checkpoints after every 10 epochs to `model_dir` which is `/tmp/convergence-{AMP, FP32, TF32}-8x{A100-80G, V100-32G}` folder\n\nTo resume from a checkpoint, just make sure that the `model_dir` stays the same and that the checkpoints saved are already present in it.\n\n#### Multi-node\n\nMulti-node runs can be launched on a Pyxis/enroot Slurm cluster (refer to [Requirements](#requirements)) with the `./scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32}-32xV100-32G.sub` script with the following command for a 4-node NVIDIA DGX V100 example:\n\n```\ncheckpointdir= datadir= sbatch N 4 --ntasks-per-node=8 --ntasks=32 ./scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32}-32xV100-32G.sub\n```\n \nNote that the `./scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32}-32xV100-32G.sub` script is a starting point that has to be adapted depending on the environment. In particular, variables such as `--container-image` handles the container image to train using, `datadir` handles the location of the COCO-2017 data, and `checkpointdir` has the path to the pre-trained backbone (EfficientNet) weights.\n \nRefer to the file's content to view the full list of variables to adjust for your system.","hasAdvanced","performance","### Benchmarking\nBenchmarking can be performed for both training and inference. Both the scripts run the EfficientDet model. You can specify whether benchmarking is performed in AMP, TF32, or FP32 by specifying it as an argument to the benchmarking scripts.\n \n#### Training performance benchmark\nTraining benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n```\nNGPU= bash scripts/D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, TF32, FP32}-{V100-32G, A100-80G}.sh\n```\nTo train on 1 DGXA100-80G run script:\n```\nbash scripts/D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, TF32}-1xA100-80G.sh\n```\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\nInference benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n```\nAMP= BS= bash scripts/D0/inference-benchmark.sh\n```\n\n### Results\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference.\n#### Training Accuracy Results\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, TF32}-8xA100-80G.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs while evaluating every 10 epochs after 200 epochs of training until the 300th epoch is completed.\n\n| GPUs | Image size | Precision | Local Batch size | BBOX mAP | Time to train | Time to train - speedup (TF32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- \n| 8 | 512 x 512 | TF32 | 104 | 34.53 | 8.5 hrs | -\n| 8 | 512 x 512 | FP16 | 200 | 34.27 | 4.6 hrs | 1.84x\n \n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32}-8xV100-32G.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 32GB GPUs with no intermediate evaluation.\n \n| GPUs | Image size | Precision | Local Batch size | BBOX mAP | Time to train | Time to train - speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- \n| 8 | 512 x 512 | FP32 | 40 | 34.42 | 16.9 hrs | -\n| 8 | 512 x 512 | FP16 | 64 | 34.45 | 14.3 hrs | 1.18x\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (32x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/D0/convergence-{AMP, FP32}-32xV100-32G.sub` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 32x V100 32GB GPUs with no intermediate evaluation.\n\n| GPUs | Image size | Precision | Local Batch size | BBOX mAP | Time to train | Time to train - speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)\n| --| --| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- \n| 32 | 512 x 512 | FP32 | 40 | 34.14 | 5.6 hrs | -\n| 32 | 512 x 512 | FP16 | 64 | 34.02 | 4.19 hrs | 1.33x\n\n##### Training loss curves\n \n![Loss Curve](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/TensorFlow2/Detection/Efficientdet//testdata/loss.png)\n\n \nHere, the loss is simply the weighted sum of losses on the classification head and the bounding box head.\n \n##### Training Stability Test\nThe following tables compare mAP scores across five different training runs with different seeds. The runs showcase consistent convergence on all five seeds with very little deviation.\n \n| **Config** | **Seed 1** | **Seed 2** | **Seed 3** | **Seed 4** | **Seed 5** | **Mean** | **Standard Deviation** |\n| --- | --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- | ----- |\n| 8 GPUs, final AP BBox | 34.38 | 34.56 | 34.3 | 34.34 | 34.4 | 34.39 | 0.1 |\n \n#### Training Performance Results\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, TP32}-A100-80G.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over an entire training epoch. The number of GPUs used to benchmark can be set as `NGPU=<4/8>`. For 1-gpu benchmarking run script `scripts/D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, TP32}-1xA100-80G.sh`\n \n| GPUs | Throughput - TF32 (BS=104) | Throughput - mixed precision (BS=200) | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision\n| --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- |\n| 1 | 162 | 397 | 2.45 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 1266 | 2711 | 2.14 | 7.81 | 6.82 |\n \n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/D0/training-benchmark-{AMP, FP32}-V100-32G.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 32GB) GPUs. Performance numbers in images per second were averaged over an entire training epoch. The number of GPUs used to benchmark can be set as `NGPU=<1/4/8>`.\n \n| GPUs | Throughput - FP32 (BS=40) | Throughput - mixed precision (BS=64) | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 | Weak scaling - mixed precision |\n| --- | ----- | ----- | --- | --- | ----- |\n| 1 | 113 | 232 | 2.05 | 1 | 1 |\n| 8 | 645 | 777 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 3.34 |\n\nTo achieve similar results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\nNote: The dataloader is a performance bottleneck for this model. So the training throughputs could be higher if the bottleneck is optimized further.\n \n#### Inference performance results\n \n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference-benchmark.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU. The image resolution is 512 x 512.\n\nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 38 | 26.31 | 26.27 | 26.29 | 26.31 |\n| 2 | 40 | 49.75 | 49.68 | 49.71 | 49.74 |\n| 4 | 80 | 50.12 | 50.06 | 50.08 | 50.11 |\n| 8 | 153 | 52.16 | 52.09 | 52.12 | 52.15 |\n| 16 | 276 | 57.83 | 57.77 | 57.79 | 57.81 |\n| 32 | 465 | 68.75 | 68.69 | 68.72 | 68.74 |\n| 64 | 706 | 90.63 | 90.56 | 90.59 | 90.62 |\n| 128 | 791 | 161.65 | 160.94 | 161.08 | 161.14 |\n| 256 | 858 | 298.33 | 296.1 | 296.62 | 297.76 |\n\nTF32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 38 | 26.09 | 26 | 26.03 | 26.07 |\n| 2 | 40 | 49.94 | 49.84 | 49.88 | 49.91 |\n| 4 | 78 | 50.98 | 50.91 | 50.94 | 50.96 |\n| 8 | 144 | 55.21 | 55.16 | 55.19 | 55.21 |\n| 16 | 250 | 63.76 | 63.69 | 63.72 | 63.75 |\n| 32 | 394 | 81.06 | 80.97 | 81 | 81.04 |\n| 64 | 563 | 113.54 | 113.44 | 113.47 | 113.51 |\n| 128 | 623 | 205.33 | 205.06 | 205.16 | 205.28 |\n\nTo achieve similar results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 32GB)\n \nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/inference-benchmark.sh` training script in the 22.03-tf2 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 1x V100 32GB GPUs. The image resolution is 512 x 512.\n \nFP16 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 35 | 27.84 | 27.67 | 27.74 | 27.82 |\n| 2 | 40 | 49.81 | 49.42 | 49.62 | 49.77 |\n| 4 | 81 | 49.35 | 49.3 | 49.32 | 49.34 |\n| 8 | 146 | 54.51 | 54.44 | 54.47 | 54.5 |\n| 16 | 245 | 65.07 | 65.01 | 65.04 | 65.06 |\n| 32 | 366 | 87.24 | 87.1 | 87.16 | 87.22 |\n| 64 | 477 | 134.09 | 133.98 | 134.02 | 134.07 |\n| 128 | 497 | 257.39 | 257.09 | 257.19 | 257.34 |\n\nFP32 Inference Latency\n\n| Batch size | Throughput Avg | Latency Avg (ms) | Latency 90% (ms) | Latency 95% (ms) | Latency 99% (ms)\n| --- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |\n| 1 | 36 | 27.21 | 27.02 | 27.11 | 27.19 |\n| 2 | 39 | 51.04 | 50.81 | 50.91 | 51.01 |\n| 4 | 78 | 51.23 | 51.19 | 51.21 | 51.22 |\n| 8 | 135 | 59.06 | 58.98 | 59.02 | 59.06 |\n| 16 | 214 | 74.73 | 74.64 | 74.68 | 74.71 |\n| 32 | 305 | 104.76 | 104.67 | 104.72 | 104.76 |\n| 64 | 374 | 171.08 | 170.92 | 170.98 | 171.05 |\n| 128 | 385 | 332.11 | 331.81 | 331.92 | 332.06 |\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).","hasPerformance","policies",[],{"_174":177,"_175":178,"_147":-5,"_154":26,"_156":26,"_170":176,"_157":66},{"_174":14,"_175":14,"_147":-5,"_154":26,"_156":26,"_170":176,"_157":66},"id","name",[],"-","Latest (22.03.0)","nvidia/dle/efficientdet_tf2","key","nvidia/dle/resources/efficientdet_tf2","resourceId","efficientdet_tf2","shortDescription","A convolution-based neural network for the task of object detection.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/efficientdet-tf2)\n\n \nEfficientDet is a family of convolution-based neural networks for object detection. Specifically, this repository covers model D0. This model is based on [EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detection](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09070). NVIDIA's implementation of EfficientDet-D0 is an optimized version of [TensorFlow Automl](https://github.com/google/automl/tree/master/efficientdet) implementation, leveraging mixed precision arithmetic on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures for faster training times while maintaining target accuracy.\n \nThe EfficientDet model covered in this repository is tested against each NGC monthly released container to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.\n \nThe major differences between the official implementation of the paper and our version of EfficientDet are as follows:\n - Automatic mixed precision (AMP) training support\n - Multi-node training support using [Horovod](https://github.com/horovod/horovod)\n - XLA enabled for better performance\n - Lightweight logging using [dllogger](https://github.com/NVIDIA/dllogger)\n - [EfficientNet backbone](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow2/Classification/ConvNets/efficientnet) implemented by NVIDIA\n - Use [BatchNormalization](https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/BatchNormalization) instead of [SyncBatchNormalization](https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/experimental/SyncBatchNormalization) for better performance\n \nThese techniques/optimizations improve model performance and reduce training time, allowing you to perform more efficient object detection with no additional effort.\n\nOther publicly available implementations of EfficientDet include:\n\n - [Google's automl](https://github.com/google/automl/tree/master/efficientdet)\n - [PyTorch version](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/PyTorch/Detection/Efficientdet)\n \n### Model architecture\n \nEfficientDet is a one-stage detector with the following architecture components:\n- ImageNet-pretrained EfficientNet backbone\n- Weighted bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN)\n- Bounding and classification box head\n- A compound scaling method that uniformly scales the resolution, depth, and width for all backbone, feature network, and box/class prediction networks at the same time\n \n### Feature support matrix\n \nThe model supports the following features. \n \n| **Feature** | **EfficientDet** |\n|:---------:|:----------:|\n|Horovod Multi-GPU training (NCCL)|Yes|\n|Multi-GPU training|Yes|\n|Multi-node training|Yes|\n|XLA|Yes|\n|AMP (Automatic Mixed Precision)|Yes|\n\n#### Features\n\nHorovod is used to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL. It is also used for multi-node training. For details, refer to example sources in this repository or refer to the [TensorFlow tutorial](https://github.com/horovod/horovod/#usage).\n\nAMP or Automatic Mixed Precision modifies computation graphs during runtime to support mixed precision training. A detailed explanation of mixed precision can be found below.\n \n### Automatic Mixed Precision\n\nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [Tensor Cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere Architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using [mixed precision training](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) previously required two steps:\n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate. \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n\nThis can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full [mixed precision methodology](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#tensorflow) in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on NVIDIA Volta, NVIDIA Turing, and NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.\n\nIn TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16. The loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.\n\nFor information about:\n- How to train using mixed precision, refer to the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n- How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, refer to [Using TF-AMP](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/tensorflow-user-guide/index.html#tfamp) from the TensorFlow User Guide.\n\n#### Enabling AMP\n\nMixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a [loss scaling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#lossscaling) step must be included when applying gradients. \n\nIn TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.\n\nTo enable mixed precision, you can simply add `--amp=True` to the training command. This will enable the following code:\n\n```\npolicy = tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.Policy('mixed_float16', loss_scale='dynamic')\ntf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy(policy)\n```\n\n### TensorFloat-32 (TF32) Compute Mode\n\nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs. \n\nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n\nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n\nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.","displayName","EfficientDet For TensorFlow2",["D",1667524739117],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","versions","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/efficientdet_tf2","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_87":1395,"_89":1396},"ngcApps",[1348],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1329":1330,"_1331":1332,"_1333":1334,"_1335":1336,"_1337":230,"_118":254,"_1338":1339,"_1340":50,"_1341":66,"_1342":66,"_1343":1344,"_1345":66,"_1346":1347},"amplitude",{"_1326":1327,"_927":-7,"_1328":26},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1320":1321,"_1322":1323,"_1324":1325},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1202":335,"_1203":1204,"_1205":1206,"_1207":1208},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_292":1192,"_1193":26,"_1194":26,"_1195":66,"_1196":1197},"consentConfig",{"_274":275,"_276":277,"_278":279,"_280":281,"_282":283,"_284":285,"_286":287,"_288":289,"_290":291,"_292":293},"showContactAdmin",1784097041294,[],[],[268,269,270,271,272,273],{"_39":54,"_41":63,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},{"_39":54,"_41":61,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},{"_39":54,"_41":59,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},{"_39":54,"_41":55,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},{"_39":51,"_41":52,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},{"_39":40,"_41":42,"_43":82,"_45":-5,"_47":-5,"_49":50},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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They are capable of tracking your browser across other sites and building up a profile of your interests. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to use or see these sharing tools.","alwaysActive","order",11,"cookies",[],"hosts",[],"C0004","Advertising Cookies","These cookies record your visit to our websites, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed to influence the advertisements that you see on other websites. These cookies and the information they collect may be managed by other companies, including our advertising partners, and may be used to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant advertising on other sites. We and our advertising partners will use this information to make our websites and the advertising displayed on it, more relevant to your interests.",5,[444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478],[316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332],{"_333":440,"_187":440,"_145":335,"_306":441},{"_333":435,"_187":435,"_145":335,"_306":436},{"_333":431,"_187":431,"_145":335,"_306":432},{"_333":426,"_187":426,"_145":335,"_306":427},{"_333":421,"_187":421,"_145":335,"_306":422},{"_333":409,"_187":409,"_145":335,"_306":410},{"_333":397,"_187":397,"_145":335,"_306":398},{"_333":392,"_187":392,"_145":335,"_306":393},{"_333":381,"_187":381,"_145":335,"_306":382},{"_333":376,"_187":376,"_145":335,"_306":377},{"_333":371,"_187":371,"_145":335,"_306":372},{"_333":366,"_187":366,"_145":335,"_306":367},{"_333":361,"_187":361,"_145":335,"_306":362},{"_333":356,"_187":356,"_145":335,"_306":357},{"_333":351,"_187":351,"_145":335,"_306":352},{"_333":344,"_187":344,"_145":335,"_306":345},{"_333":334,"_187":334,"_145":335,"_306":336},"hostName","amazon-adsystem.com","",[337,338],{"_175":343,"_340":334,"_341":26,"_145":342},{"_175":339,"_340":334,"_341":26,"_145":342},"ad-privacy","host","isSession","This domain is owned by online retailer Amazon and is used as part of its affiliate marketing programme.","ad-id","doubleclick.net",[346,347],{"_175":350,"_340":344,"_341":26,"_145":349},{"_175":348,"_340":344,"_341":26,"_145":349},"IDE","This domain is owned by Doubleclick (Google). 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It typically acts as a third party host where website owners have placed one of its content sharing buttons in their pages, although its content and services can be embedded in other ways. Although such buttons add functionality to the website they are on, cookies are set regardless of whether or not the visitor has an active Linkedin profile, or agreed to their terms and conditions. For this reason it is classified as a primarily tracking/targeting domain.","twitter.com",[399,400,401,402],{"_175":408,"_340":397,"_341":26,"_145":404},{"_175":406,"_340":397,"_341":26,"_145":407},{"_175":405,"_340":397,"_341":26,"_145":404},{"_175":403,"_340":397,"_341":26,"_145":404},"personalization_id","This domain is owned by Twitter. The main business activity is: Social Networking Services. 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It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier.","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_identity","_rdt_pn","www.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with www.mind.org.uk which is used for marketing purposes.","ai-podcast.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to identify the user's session on the website and is often associated with analytics or personalization.","_gcl_au","Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services","_mkto_trk","This cookie is associated with an email marketing service provided by Marketo. This tracking cookie allows a website to link visitor behaviour to the recipient of an email marketing campaign, to measure campaign effectiveness.","_gat_gtag_UA_140825383_2","Google Analytics","_zitok","This cookie name is associated with ZoomInfo which is used to maintain a unique visitor identifier and store Personally Identifiable Information.","_rdt_uuid","This cookie is set by Reddit and is used for tracking the views of embedded videos and performance of the advertisements.","AMP_91bf70adfe","Supports Amplitude product analytics.","This cookie name is associated with StackAdapt Inc. which is used to support the effective management and optimization of digital advertising campaigns by handling information such as visitor actions on websites, visited pages, time spent, page load speed, and more.","build.nvidia.com","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_cluster","_cs_nnnnnnnnnnnnn","This is a session cookie. 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It is commonly used for analytics and personalization of content.","marketplace.nvidia.com","AMP_MKTG_92dea1e784","This cookie is typically associated with SnackTools, which is a suite of web applications for creating and sharing multimedia content. It is used to identify a user across sessions and track user activities.","forums.developer.nvidia.com","This cookie is typically associated with the use of Taptap Digital, a company specializing in digital advertising. It is used for tracking and ad personalization purposes.","_tt_enable_cookie","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to collect data about behavior and purchases on the website and to measure the effect of advertising. It is also used to track website activity to help optimize advertising efforts.","AMCV_xxxxxAdobeOrg","This cookie is used to identify a unique visitor for tracking purposes by Adobe Experience Cloud.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.","ttcsid","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to enable TikTok Ads session tracking by assigning a unique session ID to users who click on TikTok ads, allowing for the attribution of user behavior and conversions within the same session.This cookie is associated with TikTok. It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","AMP_MKTG_91bf70adfe","C0003","Personalization Cookies","These cookies collect data about how you have interacted with our website to help us improve your web experience, such as which pages you have visited. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",[566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586],[531,532,533,534,535],{"_333":426,"_187":426,"_145":335,"_306":557},{"_333":392,"_187":392,"_145":335,"_306":552},{"_333":545,"_187":545,"_145":335,"_306":546},{"_333":541,"_187":541,"_145":335,"_306":542},{"_333":536,"_187":536,"_145":335,"_306":537},"nvcrm.my.site.com",[538],{"_175":539,"_340":536,"_341":26,"_145":540},"BrowserId","If you know anything about this cookie and its uses that are not specific to a particular site please add your contributions.","nvidia.partners",[543],{"_175":544,"_340":541,"_341":26,"_145":375},"edge","github.com",[547,548],{"_175":551,"_340":545,"_341":26,"_145":550},{"_175":549,"_340":545,"_341":26,"_145":550},"logged_in","This domain is owned by Github. 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We have categorized it under Functionality because it is necessary for the operation of our affiliate program.","nv.modal.cuda","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal popup functionality on NVIDIA's website, possibly to remember user preferences or interactions with the modal.","readme_library","docs.api.nvidia.com","_im_ses.1006927","geo_locator","nv.modal.deepstream","openedx-language-preference","learn.nvidia.com","doxygen_width","raytracing-docs.nvidia.com","This cookie is likely used to remember the width preferences of a sidebar or interface element within a documentation platform like Doxygen.","_sfid_eb78","This cookie is categorized as Functionality Cookie.","_im_id.1006927","_hjUserAttributesHash","docs.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with Hotjar which is used to know when any user attribute has changed and needs to be updated.","mbox","Cookie set by Adobe SiteCatalyst analytics software - used for measuring the performance of page content using A/B split testing","nv.modal.cudnn","This cookie name suggests it is related to modal popup handling or user interface preferences on NVIDIA's website, specifically for the cuDNN library section.","readme_language","nv.modal.hpc","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal pop-up on a website, possibly to control the display of a high-priority cookie notice or other important information to the user.","at_check","Used by Adobe Target to check if cookies are enabled/supported on the browser","_biz_uid","This cookie is used to record website and server performance with each visit to the site. The data is aggregated and analyzed; therefore, it remains anonymous upon use.\n","nvHeadless","This cookie is likely used to track if a user is using the site in a 'headless' non-GUI mode, which could be for accessibility reasons or for automated processes.","_biz_nA","C0002","Performance Cookies","These cookies are used to provide quantitative measures of our website visitors, such as the number of times you visit, time on page, your mouse movements, scrolling, clicks and keystroke activity on the websites; other browsing, search, or product research behavior; and what brought you to our site. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. Information collected with these cookies is used to measure and find ways to improve website 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