This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

The SE-ResNeXt101-32x4d is a ResNeXt101-32x4d\nmodel with added Squeeze-and-Excitation module introduced in the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks paper.

The following performance optimizations were implemented in this model:

JIT graph compilation with XLA
Multi-GPU training with Horovod
Automated mixed precision AMP

This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

Model architecture

Here is a diagram of the Squeeze and Excitation module architecture for ResNet-type models:

$\"SEArch\"$

Image source: Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks

This image shows the architecture of the SE block and where it is placed in the ResNet bottleneck block.

Default configuration

The following sections highlight the default configuration for the SE-ResNext101-32x4d model.

Optimizer

This model uses the SGD optimizer with the following hyperparameters:

Momentum (0.875).
Learning rate (LR) = 0.256 for 256 batch size, for other batch sizes we linearly scale the learning\nrate.
Learning rate schedule - we use cosine LR schedule.
For bigger batch sizes (512 and up) we use linear warmup of the learning rate.\nduring the first 5 epochs according to Training ImageNet in 1 hour.
Weight decay: 6.103515625e-05 (1/16384).
We do not apply Weight decay on batch norm trainable parameters (gamma/bias).
Label Smoothing: 0.1.
We train for:\n
- 90 Epochs -> 90 epochs is a standard for ResNet family networks.
- 250 Epochs -> best possible accuracy.
\n
For 250 epoch training we also use MixUp regularization.

Data Augmentation

This model uses the following data augmentation:

For training:\n
- Normalization.
- Random resized crop to 224x224.\n
  - Scale from 8% to 100%.
  - Aspect ratio from 3/4 to 4/3.
  \n
- Random horizontal flip.
\n
For inference:\n
- Normalization.
- Scale to 256x256.
- Center crop to 224x224.
\n

Feature support matrix

The following features are supported by this model.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	SE-ResNext101-32x4d Tensorflow
Multi-GPU training with Horovod	Yes
NVIDIA DALI	Yes
Automatic mixed precision (AMP)	Yes

Features

Multi-GPU training with Horovod - Our model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL.\nFor details, refer to the example sources in this repository or the TensorFlow tutorial.

NVIDIA DALI - DALI is a library accelerating data preparation pipeline. To accelerate your input pipeline, you only need to define your data loader\nwith the DALI library. For details, refer to the example sources in this repository or the DALI documentation.

Automatic mixed precision (AMP) - Computation graph can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training.\nDetailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in the next section.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training previously required two steps:

Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

This can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full mixed precision methodology in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on Volta and Turing GPUs automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.

In TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.

For information about:

How to train using mixed precision, see the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, see Using TF-AMP from the TensorFlow User Guide.

Enabling mixed precision

Mixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval, while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a loss scaling step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.

To enable mixed precision, you can simply add the values to the environmental variables inside your training script:

Enable TF-AMP graph rewrite:

os.environ[\"TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION_GRAPH_REWRITE\"] = \"1\"\n

Enable Automated Mixed Precision:

os.environ['TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION'] = '1'\n\n

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

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Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following software:\n\n- [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n- [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow)\n- GPU-based architecture:\n - [NVIDIA Volta](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n - [NVIDIA Turing](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/turing/)\n - [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n\nFor more information about how to get started with NGC containers, see the\nfollowing sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning Documentation:\n* [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html),\n* [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC container registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry),\n* [Running TensorFlow](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/tensorflow-release-notes/running.html#running).\n\nFor those unable to use the [TensorFlow NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) to set up the required environment or create your own container, see the versioned [NVIDIA Container Support Matrix](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/support-matrix/index.html).","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","To train your model using mixed precision or TF32 with Tensor Cores or FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the SE-ResNext101-32x4d model on the [ImageNet](http://www.image-net.org/) dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, see the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n\n1. Clone the repository.\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples\ncd DeepLearningExamples/TensorFlow/Classification/ConvNets\n```\n\n2. Download and preprocess the dataset.\nThe SE-ResNext101-32x4d script operates on ImageNet 1k, a widely popular image classification dataset from the ILSVRC challenge.\n\n* [Download the images](http://image-net.org/download-images)\n* Extract the training and validation data:\n```bash\nmkdir train && mv ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar train/ && cd train\ntar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar && rm -f ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar\nfind . -name \"*.tar\" | while read NAME ; do mkdir -p \"${NAME%.tar}\"; tar -xvf \"${NAME}\" -C \"${NAME%.tar}\"; rm -f \"${NAME}\"; done\ncd ..\nmkdir val && mv ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar val/ && cd val && tar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar\n```\n* Preprocess dataset to TFRecord form using [script](https://github.com/tensorflow/models/blob/archive/research/inception/inception/data/build_imagenet_data.py). Additional metadata from [autors repository](https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/archive/research/inception/inception/data) might be required.\n\n3. Build the SE-ResNext101-32x4d TensorFlow NGC container.\n```bash\ndocker build . -t nvidia_rn50\n```\n\n4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference.\nAfter you build the container image, you can start an interactive CLI session with\n```bash\nnvidia-docker run --rm -it -v :/data/tfrecords --ipc=host nvidia_rn50\n```\n\n5. (Optional) Create index files to use DALI.\nTo allow proper sharding in a multi-GPU environment, DALI has to create index files for the dataset. To create index files, run inside the container:\n```bash\nbash ./utils/dali_index.sh /data/tfrecords \n```\nIndex files can be created once and then reused. It is highly recommended to save them into a persistent location.\n\n6. Start training.\nTo run training for a standard configuration (as described in [Default\nconfiguration](#default-configuration), DGX1V, DGX2V, single GPU, FP16, FP32, 90, and 250 epochs), run\none of the scripts in the `se-resnext101-32x4d/training` directory. Ensure ImageNet is mounted in the\n`/data/tfrecords` directory.\n\nFor example, to train on DGX-1 for 90 epochs using AMP, run: \n\n`bash ./se-resnext101-32x4d/training/DGX1_SE-RNxt101-32x4d_AMP_90E.sh /path/to/result /data`\n\nAdditionally, features like DALI data preprocessing or TensorFlow XLA can be enabled with\nfollowing arguments when running those scripts:\n\n`bash ./se-resnext101-32x4d/training/DGX1_SE-RNxt101-32x4d_AMP_90E.sh /path/to/result /data/ --xla --dali`\n\n7. Start validation/evaluation.\nTo evaluate the validation dataset located in `/data/tfrecords`, run `main.py` with\n`--mode=evaluate`. For example:\n\n`python main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=evaluate --data_dir=/data/tfrecords --batch_size --model_dir\n --results_dir [--xla] [--amp]`\n\nThe optional `--xla` and `--amp` flags control XLA and AMP during evaluation.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n\n### Scripts and sample code\n\nIn the root directory, the most important files are:\n - `main.py`: the script that controls the logic of training and validation of the ResNet-like models\n - `Dockerfile`: Instructions for Docker to build a container with the basic set of dependencies to run ResNet like models for image classification\n - `requirements.txt`: a set of extra Python requirements for running ResNet-like models\n\nThe `model/` directory contains the following modules used to define ResNet family models:\n - `resnet.py`: the definition of ResNet, ResNext, and SE-ResNext model\n - `blocks/conv2d_block.py`: the definition of 2D convolution block\n - `blocks/resnet_bottleneck_block.py`: the definition of ResNet-like bottleneck block\n - `layers/*.py`: definitions of specific layers used in the ResNet-like model\n \nThe `utils/` directory contains the following utility modules:\n - `cmdline_helper.py`: helper module for command line processing\n - `data_utils.py`: module defining input data pipelines\n - `dali_utils.py`: helper module for DALI \n - `image_processing.py`: image processing and data augmentation functions\n - `learning_rate.py`: definition of used learning rate schedule\n - `optimizers.py`: definition of used custom optimizers\n - `hooks/*.py`: definitions of specific hooks allowing logging of training and inference process\n \nThe `runtime/` directory contains the following module that define the mechanics of the training process:\n - `runner.py`: module encapsulating the training, inference and evaluation \n\n### Parameters\n\n#### The `main.py` script\nThe script for training and evaluating the ResNext101-32x4d model has a variety of parameters that control these processes.\n\n```\nusage: main.py [-h] [--arch {resnet50,resnext101-32x4d,se-resnext101-32x4d}]\n [--mode {train,train_and_evaluate,evaluate,predict,training_benchmark,inference_benchmark}]\n [--export_dir EXPORT_DIR] [--to_predict TO_PREDICT] \n --batch_size BATCH_SIZE [--num_iter NUM_ITER] \n [--run_iter RUN_ITER] [--iter_unit {epoch,batch}] \n [--warmup_steps WARMUP_STEPS] [--model_dir MODEL_DIR]\n [--results_dir RESULTS_DIR] [--log_filename LOG_FILENAME] \n [--display_every DISPLAY_EVERY] [--seed SEED]\n [--gpu_memory_fraction GPU_MEMORY_FRACTION] [--gpu_id GPU_ID]\n [--finetune_checkpoint FINETUNE_CHECKPOINT] [--use_final_conv]\n [--quant_delay QUANT_DELAY] [--quantize] [--use_qdq] \n [--symmetric] [--data_dir DATA_DIR] \n [--data_idx_dir DATA_IDX_DIR] [--dali]\n [--synthetic_data_size SYNTHETIC_DATA_SIZE] [--lr_init LR_INIT]\n [--lr_warmup_epochs LR_WARMUP_EPOCHS] \n [--weight_decay WEIGHT_DECAY] [--weight_init {fan_in,fan_out}]\n [--momentum MOMENTUM] [--label_smoothing LABEL_SMOOTHING]\n [--mixup MIXUP] [--cosine_lr] [--xla] \n [--data_format {NHWC,NCHW}] [--amp]\n [--static_loss_scale STATIC_LOSS_SCALE]\n \nJoC-RN50v1.5-TF \n \noptional arguments: \n -h, --help show this help message and exit.\n --arch {resnet50,resnext101-32x4d,se-resnext101-32x4d}\n Architecture of model to run. \n --mode {train,train_and_evaluate,evaluate,predict,training_benchmark,inference_benchmark}\n The execution mode of the script.\n --export_dir EXPORT_DIR \n Directory in which to write exported SavedModel. \n --to_predict TO_PREDICT \n Path to file or directory of files to run prediction\n on.\n --batch_size BATCH_SIZE \n Size of each minibatch per GPU. \n --num_iter NUM_ITER Number of iterations to run.\n --run_iter RUN_ITER Number of training iterations to run on single run.\n --iter_unit {epoch,batch} \n Unit of iterations. \n --warmup_steps WARMUP_STEPS \n Number of steps considered as warmup and not taken\n into account for performance measurements. \n --model_dir MODEL_DIR \n Directory in which to write model. If undefined, \n results dir will be used. \n --results_dir RESULTS_DIR\n Directory in which to write training logs, summaries\n and checkpoints.\n --log_filename LOG_FILENAME\n Name of the JSON file to which write the training log.\n --display_every DISPLAY_EVERY\n How often (in batches) to print out running\n information.\n --seed SEED Random seed.\n --gpu_memory_fraction GPU_MEMORY_FRACTION\n Limit memory fraction used by training script for DALI.\n --gpu_id GPU_ID Specify ID of the target GPU on multi-device platform.\n Effective only for single-GPU mode.\n --finetune_checkpoint FINETUNE_CHECKPOINT\n Path to pre-trained checkpoint which will be used for\n fine-tuning.\n --use_final_conv Use convolution operator instead of MLP as last layer.\n --quant_delay QUANT_DELAY\n Number of steps to be run before quantization starts\n to happen.\n --quantize Quantize weights and activations during training.\n (Defaults to Assymmetric quantization)\n --use_qdq Use QDQV3 op instead of FakeQuantWithMinMaxVars op for\n quantization. QDQv3 does only scaling.\n --symmetric Quantize weights and activations during training using\n symmetric quantization.\n\nDataset arguments:\n --data_dir DATA_DIR Path to dataset in TFRecord format. Files should be\n named 'train-*' and 'validation-*'.\n --data_idx_dir DATA_IDX_DIR\n Path to index files for DALI. Files should be named\n 'train-*' and 'validation-*'.\n --dali Enable DALI data input.\n --synthetic_data_size SYNTHETIC_DATA_SIZE\n Dimension of image for synthetic dataset.\n\nTraining arguments:\n --lr_init LR_INIT Initial value for the learning rate.\n --lr_warmup_epochs LR_WARMUP_EPOCHS\n Number of warmup epochs for learning rate schedule.\n --weight_decay WEIGHT_DECAY\n Weight Decay scale factor.\n --weight_init {fan_in,fan_out}\n Model weight initialization method.\n --momentum MOMENTUM SGD momentum value for the Momentum optimizer.\n --label_smoothing LABEL_SMOOTHING\n The value of label smoothing.\n --mixup MIXUP The alpha parameter for mixup (if 0 then mixup is not\n applied).\n --cosine_lr Use cosine learning rate schedule.\n\nGeneric optimization arguments:\n --xla Enable XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra) computation\n for improved performance.\n --data_format {NHWC,NCHW}\n Data format used to do calculations.\n --amp Enable Automatic Mixed Precision to speedup\n computation using tensor cores.\n\nAutomatic Mixed Precision arguments:\n --static_loss_scale STATIC_LOSS_SCALE\n Use static loss scaling in FP32 AMP.\n\n```\n\n### Inference process\nTo run inference on a single example with a checkpoint and a model script, use: \n\n`python main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode predict --model_dir --to_predict --results_dir `\n\nThe optional `--xla` and `--amp` flags control XLA and AMP during inference.","hasAdvanced","performance","The performance measurements in this document were conducted at the time of publication and may not reflect the performance achieved from NVIDIA's latest software release. For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to [NVIDIA Data Center Deep Learning Product Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference).\n\n### Benchmarking\n\nThe following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference modes.\n\n#### Training performance benchmark\n\nTo benchmark the training performance on a specific batch size, run:\n\n* For 1 GPU\n * FP32 / TF32\n \n `python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=training_benchmark --warmup_steps 200 --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n \n * AMP\n\n `python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=training_benchmark --amp --warmup_steps 200 --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n \n* For multiple GPUs\n * FP32 / TF32\n \n `mpiexec --allow-run-as-root --bind-to socket -np python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=training_benchmark --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n \n * AMP\n\n `mpiexec --allow-run-as-root --bind-to socket -np python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=training_benchmark --amp --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n \nEach of these scripts runs 200 warm-up iterations and measures the first epoch.\n\nTo control warmup and benchmark length, use the `--warmup_steps`, `--num_iter` and `--iter_unit` flags. Features like XLA or DALI can be controlled\nwith `--xla` and `--dali` flags. For proper throughput reporting the value of `--num_iter` must be greater than `--warmup_steps` value.\nSuggested batch sizes for training are 96 for mixed precision training and 64 for single precision training per single V100 16 GB.\n\nIf no `--data_dir=` flag is specified then the benchmarks will use a synthetic dataset. The resolution of synthetic images used can be controlled with `--synthetic_data_size` flag.\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\n\nTo benchmark the inference performance on a specific batch size, run:\n\n* FP32 / TF32\n\n`python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=inference_benchmark --warmup_steps 20 --num_iter 100 --iter_unit batch --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n\n* AMP\n\n`python ./main.py --arch=se-resnext101-32x4d --mode=inference_benchmark --amp --warmup_steps 20 --num_iter 100 --iter_unit batch --batch_size --data_dir= --results_dir=`\n\nBy default, each of these scripts runs 20 warm-up iterations and measures the next 80 iterations.\nTo control warm-up and benchmark length, use the `--warmup_steps`, `--num_iter` and `--iter_unit` flags.\nIf no `--data_dir=` flag is specified then the benchmarks will use a synthetic dataset.\n\nThe benchmark can be automated with the `inference_benchmark.sh` script provided in `se-resnext101-32x4d`, by simply running:\n`bash ./se-resnext101-32x4d/inference_benchmark.sh `\n\nThe `` parameter refers to the input data directory (by default `/data/tfrecords` inside the container). \nBy default, the benchmark tests the following configurations: **FP32**, **AMP**, **AMP + XLA** with different batch sizes.\nWhen the optional directory with the DALI index files `` is specified, the benchmark executes an additional **DALI + AMP + XLA** configuration.\nFor proper throughput reporting the value of `--num_iter` must be greater than `--warmup_steps` value.\n\nFor performance benchamrk of raw model, synthetic dataset can be used. To use synthetic dataset, use `--synthetic_data_size` flag instead of `--data_dir` to specify input image size.\n\n### Results\n\nThe following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference. \n\n#### Training accuracy results\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 40GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `/se-resnet50v1.5/training/DGXA100_RN50_{PRECISION}_90E.sh` \ntraining script in the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) \nNGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 40GB) GPUs.\n\n| Epochs | Batch Size / GPU | Accuracy - TF32 (top1) | Accuracy - mixed precision (top1) | \n|--------|------------------|-----------------|----------------------------|\n| 90 | 128 (TF32) / 256 (AMP) | 79.73 | 79.60 |\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16G)\nOur results were obtained by running the `/se-resnext101-32x4d/training/{/DGX1_RNxt101-32x4d_{PRECISION}_{EPOCHS}E.sh` \ntraining script in the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) \nNGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 16G) GPUs.\n\n| Epochs | Batch Size / GPU | Accuracy - FP32 | Accuracy - mixed precision | \n|--------|------------------|-----------------|----------------------------|\n| 90 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 79.69 | 79.81 |\n| 250 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 80.87 | 80.84 |\n\n**Example training loss plot**\n\n![TrainingLoss](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/TensorFlow/Classification/ConvNets/se-resnext101-32x4d//imgs/train_loss.png)\n\n\n#### Training performance results\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 40GB)\nOur results were obtained by running the `se-resnext101-32x4d/training/training_perf.sh` benchmark script in the \n[TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 40GB) GPUs. Performance numbers (in images per second) were averaged over an entire training epoch.\n\n| GPUs | Batch Size / GPU | Throughput - TF32 + XLA | Throughput - mixed precision + XLA | Throughput speedup (TF32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - TF32 + XLA | Weak scaling - mixed precision + XLA |\n|----|---------------|---------------|------------------------|-----------------|-----------|-------------------|\n| 1 | 128 (TF) / 256 (AMP) | 342 img/s | 975 img/s | 2.86x | 1.00x | 1.00x |\n| 8 | 128 (TF) / 256 (AMP) | 2610 img/s | 7230 img/s | 2.77x | 7.63x | 7.41x |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16G)\nOur results were obtained by running the `se-resnext101-32x4d/training/training_perf.sh` benchmark script in the \n[TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 16G) GPUs. Performance numbers (in images per second) were averaged over an entire training epoch.\n\n| GPUs | Batch Size / GPU | Throughput - FP32 + XLA | Throughput - mixed precision + XLA | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 + XLA | Weak scaling - mixed precision + XLA |\n|----|---------------|---------------|-----------------------|---------------|-----------|-------|\n| 1 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 152 img/s | 475 img/s | 3.12x | 1.00x | 1.00x |\n| 8 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 1120 img/s | 3360 img/s | 3.00x | 7.37x | 7.07x |\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-2 (16x V100 32G)\nOur results were obtained by running the `se-resnext101-32x4d/training/training_perf.sh` benchmark script in the \n[TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX-2 with (16x V100 32G) GPUs. Performance numbers (in images per second) were averaged over an entire training epoch.\n\n| GPUs | Batch Size / GPU | Throughput - FP32 + XLA | Throughput - mixed precision + XLA | Throughput speedup (FP32 - mixed precision) | Weak scaling - FP32 + XLA | Weak scaling - mixed precision + XLA |\n|----|---------------|---------------|-------------------------|-------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 158 img/s | 472 img/s | 2.98x | 1.00x | 1.00x |\n| 16 | 64 (FP32) / 96 (AMP) | 2270 img/s| 6580 img/s | 2.89x | 14.36x | 13.94x |\n\n#### Training Time for 90 Epochs\n\n##### Training time: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 40GB)\n\nOur results were estimated based on the [training performance results](#training-performance-nvidia-dgx-a100-8x-a100-40g) \non NVIDIA DGX A100 with (8x A100 40G) GPUs.\n\n| GPUs | Time to train - mixed precision + XLA | Time to train - TF32 + XLA | \n|---|--------|---------|\n| 1 | ~36h | ~102h | \n| 8 | ~5h | ~14h | \n\n##### Training time: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16G)\n\nOur results were estimated based on the [training performance results](#training-performance-nvidia-dgx-1-8x-v100-16g) \non NVIDIA DGX-1 with (8x V100 16G) GPUs.\n\n| GPUs | Time to train - mixed precision + XLA | Time to train - FP32 + XLA |\n|---|--------|---------|\n| 1 | ~68h | ~210h |\n| 8 | ~10h | ~29h | \n\n##### Training time: NVIDIA DGX-2 (16x V100 32G)\n\nOur results were estimated based on the [training performance results](#training-performance-nvidia-dgx-2-16x-v100-32g) \non NVIDIA DGX-2 with (16x V100 32G) GPUs.\n\n| GPUs | Time to train - mixed precision + XLA | Time to train - FP32 + XLA |\n|----|-------|-------|\n| 1 | ~68h | ~202h |\n| 16 | ~5h | ~14h | \n\n#### Inference performance results\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 40GB)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `inference_benchmark.sh` inferencing benchmarking script\nin the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX A100 with (1x A100 40G) GPU.\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 95.32 img/s | 10.52 ms | 10.52 ms | 10.55 ms | 11.10 ms |\n| 2 | 169.59 img/s | 11.82 ms | 11.83 ms | 11.92 ms | 12.56 ms |\n| 4 | 258.97 img/s | 15.45 ms | 15.70 ms | 15.78 ms | 16.22 ms |\n| 8 | 355.09 img/s | 22.53 ms | 22.74 ms | 22.84 ms | 23.17 ms |\n| 16 | 561.11 img/s | 28.52 ms | 28.85 ms | 29.09 ms | 29.50 ms |\n| 32 | 698.94 img/s | 45.78 ms | 46.36 ms | 46.56 ms | 46.87 ms |\n| 64 | 751.17 img/s | 85.21 ms | 86.74 ms | 87.27 ms | 87.95 ms |\n| 128 | 802.64 img/s | 159.47 ms | 160.01 ms | 160.35 ms | 161.42 ms |\n| 256 | 840.72 img/s | 304.50 ms | 305.87 ms | 306.11 ms | 306.57 ms |\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency + XLA**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 92.46 img/s | 10.84 ms | 10.90 ms | 10.96 ms | 11.14 ms |\n| 2 | 161.55 img/s | 12.40 ms | 12.44 ms | 12.51 ms | 12.62 ms |\n| 4 | 237.41 img/s | 16.88 ms | 17.54 ms | 17.79 ms | 18.25 ms |\n| 8 | 358.39 img/s | 22.35 ms | 23.56 ms | 24.29 ms | 25.53 ms |\n| 16 | 577.33 img/s | 27.72 ms | 28.64 ms | 28.92 ms | 29.22 ms |\n| 32 | 800.81 img/s | 39.97 ms | 40.93 ms | 41.42 ms | 41.87 ms |\n| 64 | 921.00 img/s | 69.64 ms | 70.44 ms | 70.90 ms | 79.54 ms |\n| 128 | 1024.70 img/s | 124.99 ms | 125.70 ms | 126.10 ms | 138.57 ms |\n| 256 | 1089.80 img/s | 234.90 ms | 236.02 ms | 236.37 ms | 237.26 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 84.06 img/s | 11.92 ms | 11.94 ms | 11.96 ms | 12.08 ms |\n| 2 | 170.38 img/s | 11.76 ms | 11.82 ms | 11.87 ms | 11.94 ms |\n| 4 | 336.09 img/s | 11.93 ms | 12.06 ms | 12.17 ms | 12.62 ms |\n| 8 | 669.91 img/s | 11.94 ms | 12.33 ms | 12.47 ms | 12.88 ms |\n| 16 | 1119.49 img/s | 14.36 ms | 14.86 ms | 15.11 ms | 16.11 ms |\n| 32 | 1482.46 img/s | 21.66 ms | 22.04 ms | 22.38 ms | 23.72 ms |\n| 64 | 1680.85 img/s | 38.09 ms | 39.02 ms | 39.34 ms | 41.02 ms |\n| 128 | 1728.27 img/s | 74.30 ms | 74.92 ms | 75.22 ms | 75.60 ms |\n| 256 | 1761.56 img/s | 145.33 ms | 146.54 ms | 146.83 ms | 147.34 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency + XLA**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 74.83 img/s | 13.39 ms | 13.45 ms | 13.49 ms | 13.57 ms |\n| 2 | 135.28 img/s | 14.81 ms | 14.98 ms | 15.10 ms | 16.19 ms |\n| 4 | 272.18 img/s | 14.70 ms | 15.07 ms | 15.30 ms | 15.80 ms |\n| 8 | 517.69 img/s | 15.50 ms | 16.63 ms | 17.05 ms | 18.10 ms |\n| 16 | 1050.03 img/s | 15.38 ms | 16.84 ms | 17.49 ms | 17.97 ms |\n| 32 | 1781.06 img/s | 18.27 ms | 19.54 ms | 20.00 ms | 25.94 ms |\n| 64 | 2551.55 img/s | 25.26 ms | 26.03 ms | 26.62 ms | 29.67 ms |\n| 128 | 2834.59 img/s | 45.50 ms | 46.85 ms | 47.72 ms | 54.91 ms |\n| 256 | 3367.18 img/s | 76.03 ms | 77.06 ms | 77.36 ms | 78.13 ms |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 16G)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `inference_benchmark.sh` inferencing benchmarking script\nin the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX-1 with (1x V100 16G) GPU.\n\n**FP32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 75.72 img/s | 13.25 ms | 13.38 ms | 13.50 ms | 13.66 ms |\n| 2 | 112.58 img/s | 17.90 ms | 20.74 ms | 20.91 ms | 21.87 ms |\n| 4 | 191.09 img/s | 20.93 ms | 21.05 ms | 21.09 ms | 21.27 ms |\n| 8 | 235.39 img/s | 33.98 ms | 34.14 ms | 34.19 ms | 34.28 ms |\n| 16 | 315.24 img/s | 50.76 ms | 50.96 ms | 51.01 ms | 51.32 ms |\n| 32 | 376.05 img/s | 85.09 ms | 85.56 ms | 85.71 ms | 86.40 ms |\n| 64 | 427.39 img/s | 149.84 ms | 150.08 ms | 150.37 ms | 161.87 ms |\n| 128 | 460.82 img/s | 277.76 ms | 278.97 ms | 279.48 ms | 280.95 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 66.44 img/s | 15.10 ms | 15.17 ms | 15.25 ms | 16.01 ms |\n| 2 | 132.33 img/s | 15.16 ms | 15.32 ms | 15.37 ms | 15.50 ms |\n| 4 | 273.84 img/s | 14.63 ms | 15.14 ms | 15.83 ms | 17.38 ms |\n| 8 | 509.35 img/s | 15.71 ms | 16.10 ms | 16.21 ms | 16.55 ms |\n| 16 | 770.02 img/s | 20.78 ms | 20.96 ms | 21.03 ms | 21.24 ms |\n| 32 | 926.46 img/s | 34.55 ms | 34.88 ms | 35.05 ms | 36.32 ms |\n| 64 | 1039.74 img/s | 61.55 ms | 61.82 ms | 61.99 ms | 62.32 ms |\n| 128 | 1102.00 img/s | 116.15 ms | 116.62 ms | 116.80 ms | 116.97 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency + XLA**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 58.55 img/s | 17.12 ms | 17.21 ms | 17.28 ms | 17.42 ms |\n| 2 | 105.00 img/s | 19.10 ms | 19.29 ms | 19.36 ms | 19.67 ms |\n| 4 | 207.60 img/s | 19.31 ms | 19.59 ms | 19.67 ms | 19.84 ms |\n| 8 | 413.16 img/s | 19.37 ms | 19.77 ms | 19.87 ms | 20.24 ms |\n| 16 | 739.12 img/s | 21.80 ms | 24.48 ms | 24.71 ms | 26.93 ms |\n| 32 | 1196.83 img/s | 26.99 ms | 27.10 ms | 27.49 ms | 28.80 ms |\n| 64 | 1470.31 img/s | 43.74 ms | 44.02 ms | 44.18 ms | 46.28 ms |\n| 128 | 1683.63 img/s | 76.03 ms | 77.00 ms | 77.23 ms | 78.15 ms |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-2 (1x V100 32G)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `inference_benchmark.sh` inferencing benchmarking script\nin the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA DGX-2 with (1x V100 32G) GPU.\n\n**FP32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 71.44 img/s | 14.07 ms | 14.22 ms | 14.43 ms | 16.44 ms |\n| 2 | 149.68 img/s | 13.43 ms | 13.79 ms | 13.94 ms | 16.63 ms |\n| 4 | 183.01 img/s | 21.85 ms | 22.12 ms | 22.18 ms | 22.44 ms |\n| 8 | 220.67 img/s | 36.25 ms | 36.84 ms | 37.17 ms | 37.43 ms |\n| 16 | 310.27 img/s | 51.57 ms | 51.88 ms | 52.09 ms | 53.37 ms |\n| 32 | 381.41 img/s | 83.89 ms | 84.30 ms | 84.66 ms | 85.04 ms |\n| 64 | 440.37 img/s | 145.45 ms | 145.49 ms | 145.86 ms | 147.53 ms |\n| 128 | 483.84 img/s | 264.54 ms | 265.04 ms | 265.46 ms | 266.43 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 73.06 img/s | 13.74 ms | 14.07 ms | 14.20 ms | 14.35 ms |\n| 2 | 155.23 img/s | 12.95 ms | 13.13 ms | 13.33 ms | 15.49 ms |\n| 4 | 303.68 img/s | 13.23 ms | 13.38 ms | 13.46 ms | 14.34 ms |\n| 8 | 583.43 img/s | 13.72 ms | 13.90 ms | 14.08 ms | 15.47 ms |\n| 16 | 783.30 img/s | 20.43 ms | 20.66 ms | 21.31 ms | 21.97 ms |\n| 32 | 932.10 img/s | 34.34 ms | 34.71 ms | 34.81 ms | 35.70 ms |\n| 64 | 1058.07 img/s | 60.48 ms | 60.75 ms | 60.94 ms | 62.49 ms |\n| 128 | 1129.65 img/s | 113.30 ms | 113.53 ms | 113.66 ms | 114.81 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency + XLA**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 66.43 img/s | 15.14 ms | 15.24 ms | 15.31 ms | 19.18 ms |\n| 2 | 122.85 img/s | 16.39 ms | 18.28 ms | 18.45 ms | 20.33 ms |\n| 4 | 247.80 img/s | 16.14 ms | 16.44 ms | 16.57 ms | 17.24 ms |\n| 8 | 498.19 img/s | 16.07 ms | 16.26 ms | 16.66 ms | 17.70 ms |\n| 16 | 831.20 img/s | 19.40 ms | 19.30 ms | 19.39 ms | 25.41 ms |\n| 32 | 1223.75 img/s | 26.42 ms | 26.31 ms | 26.70 ms | 29.88 ms |\n| 64 | 1520.64 img/s | 42.09 ms | 42.45 ms | 42.57 ms | 42.84 ms |\n| 128 | 1739.61 img/s | 73.58 ms | 73.98 ms | 74.17 ms | 74.72 ms |\n\n##### Inference performance: NVIDIA T4 (1x T4 16G)\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `inference_benchmark.sh` inferencing benchmarking script\nin the [TensorFlow 20.06-tf1-py3 NGC container](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/containers/nvidia:tensorflow) NGC container \non NVIDIA T4 with (1x T4 16G) GPU.\n\n**FP32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 27.39 img/s | 36.68 ms | 38.85 ms | 39.01 ms | 40.40 ms |\n| 2 | 44.56 img/s | 44.96 ms | 46.25 ms | 46.92 ms | 48.92 ms |\n| 4 | 65.11 img/s | 61.43 ms | 62.22 ms | 62.93 ms | 65.01 ms |\n| 8 | 80.09 img/s | 99.88 ms | 100.34 ms | 100.85 ms | 101.79 ms |\n| 16 | 93.98 img/s | 170.24 ms | 170.72 ms | 171.27 ms | 171.98 ms |\n| 32 | 99.86 img/s | 320.42 ms | 320.99 ms | 321.37 ms | 322.28 ms |\n| 64 | 103.31 img/s | 619.44 ms | 620.08 ms | 620.55 ms | 622.19 ms |\n| 128 | 105.16 img/s | 1217.18 ms | 1218.09 ms | 1218.59 ms | 1221.16 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 57.21 img/s | 17.57 ms | 18.06 ms | 18.15 ms | 20.74 ms |\n| 2 | 80.34 img/s | 24.97 ms | 25.38 ms | 25.69 ms | 27.12 ms |\n| 4 | 115.12 img/s | 34.77 ms | 35.61 ms | 36.74 ms | 37.61 ms |\n| 8 | 147.51 img/s | 54.24 ms | 54.79 ms | 55.28 ms | 58.25 ms |\n| 16 | 173.83 img/s | 92.04 ms | 92.50 ms | 93.26 ms | 94.72 ms |\n| 32 | 182.19 img/s | 175.64 ms | 176.51 ms | 177.44 ms | 178.52 ms |\n| 64 | 193.20 img/s | 331.25 ms | 332.56 ms | 333.34 ms | 334.58 ms |\n| 128 | 195.17 img/s | 655.82 ms | 657.24 ms | 658.79 ms | 661.76 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency + XLA**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 46.19 img/s | 21.72 ms | 21.90 ms | 21.93 ms | 23.64 ms |\n| 2 | 80.98 img/s | 24.77 ms | 24.99 ms | 25.15 ms | 25.63 ms |\n| 4 | 129.49 img/s | 30.89 ms | 31.26 ms | 31.34 ms | 32.31 ms |\n| 8 | 156.91 img/s | 51.00 ms | 52.17 ms | 52.51 ms | 53.32 ms |\n| 16 | 204.45 img/s | 78.26 ms | 79.58 ms | 79.96 ms | 80.44 ms |\n| 32 | 215.22 img/s | 148.68 ms | 149.63 ms | 150.41 ms | 151.62 ms |\n| 64 | 235.36 img/s | 272.05 ms | 273.56 ms | 274.33 ms | 275.86 ms |\n| 128 | 244.45 img/s | 523.62 ms | 525.12 ms | 525.89 ms | 528.42 ms |","hasPerformance",[],{"_86":182,"_113":234,"_114":-5,"_122":34,"_121":34,"_123":233,"_217":91},{"_86":28,"_113":28,"_114":-5,"_122":34,"_121":34,"_123":233,"_217":91},[],"Latest (20.12.0)","nvidia/dle/seresnext_tf1","key","nvidia/dle/resources/seresnext_tf1","resourceId","seresnext_tf1","shortDescription","ResNet with bottleneck 3x3 Convolutions substituted by 3x3 Grouped Convolutions.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/convnets-tf1)\n\nThe SE-ResNeXt101-32x4d is a [ResNeXt101-32x4d](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.05431.pdf)\nmodel with added Squeeze-and-Excitation module introduced in the [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.01507.pdf) paper.\n\nThe following performance optimizations were implemented in this model:\n* JIT graph compilation with [XLA](https://www.tensorflow.org/xla)\n* Multi-GPU training with [Horovod](https://github.com/horovod/horovod)\n* Automated mixed precision [AMP](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html)\n\nThis model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results 3x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.\n\n### Model architecture\nHere is a diagram of the Squeeze and Excitation module architecture for ResNet-type models:\n\n![SEArch](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/TensorFlow/Classification/ConvNets/se-resnext101-32x4d//imgs/SEArch.png)\n\n\n_Image source: [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.01507.pdf)_\n\nThis image shows the architecture of the SE block and where it is placed in the ResNet bottleneck block.\n\n### Default configuration\n\nThe following sections highlight the default configuration for the SE-ResNext101-32x4d model.\n\n#### Optimizer\n\nThis model uses the SGD optimizer with the following hyperparameters:\n\n* Momentum (0.875).\n* Learning rate (LR) = 0.256 for 256 batch size, for other batch sizes we linearly scale the learning\n rate.\n* Learning rate schedule - we use cosine LR schedule.\n* For bigger batch sizes (512 and up) we use linear warmup of the learning rate.\nduring the first 5 epochs according to [Training ImageNet in 1 hour](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677).\n* Weight decay: 6.103515625e-05 (1/16384).\n* We do not apply Weight decay on batch norm trainable parameters (gamma/bias).\n* Label Smoothing: 0.1.\n* We train for:\n * 90 Epochs -> 90 epochs is a standard for ResNet family networks.\n * 250 Epochs -> best possible accuracy. \n* For 250 epoch training we also use [MixUp regularization](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.09412.pdf).\n\n#### Data Augmentation\n\nThis model uses the following data augmentation:\n\n* For training:\n * Normalization.\n * Random resized crop to 224x224.\n * Scale from 8% to 100%.\n * Aspect ratio from 3/4 to 4/3.\n * Random horizontal flip.\n* For inference:\n * Normalization.\n * Scale to 256x256.\n * Center crop to 224x224.\n\n### Feature support matrix\n\nThe following features are supported by this model.\n\n| Feature | SE-ResNext101-32x4d Tensorflow |\n|-----------------------|--------------------------\n|Multi-GPU training with [Horovod](https://github.com/horovod/horovod) | Yes |\n|[NVIDIA DALI](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dali/release-notes/index.html) | Yes |\n|Automatic mixed precision (AMP) | Yes |\n\n#### Features\n\nMulti-GPU training with Horovod - Our model uses Horovod to implement efficient multi-GPU training with NCCL.\nFor details, refer to the example sources in this repository or the [TensorFlow tutorial](https://github.com/horovod/horovod/#usage).\n\nNVIDIA DALI - DALI is a library accelerating data preparation pipeline. To accelerate your input pipeline, you only need to define your data loader\nwith the DALI library. For details, refer to the example sources in this repository or the [DALI documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dali/index.html).\n\nAutomatic mixed precision (AMP) - Computation graph can be modified by TensorFlow on runtime to support mixed precision training. \nDetailed explanation of mixed precision can be found in the next section.\n\n### Mixed precision training\nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [Tensor Cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using [mixed precision training](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) previously required two steps:\n\n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate. \n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n\nThis can now be achieved using Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for TensorFlow to enable the full [mixed precision methodology](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#tensorflow) in your existing TensorFlow model code. AMP enables mixed precision training on Volta and Turing GPUs automatically. The TensorFlow framework code makes all necessary model changes internally.\n\nIn TF-AMP, the computational graph is optimized to use as few casts as necessary and maximize the use of FP16, and the loss scaling is automatically applied inside of supported optimizers. AMP can be configured to work with the existing tf.contrib loss scaling manager by disabling the AMP scaling with a single environment variable to perform only the automatic mixed-precision optimization. It accomplishes this by automatically rewriting all computation graphs with the necessary operations to enable mixed precision training and automatic loss scaling.\n\nFor information about:\n- How to train using mixed precision, see the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Training With Mixed Precision](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/mixed-precision-training/index.html) documentation.\n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n- How to access and enable AMP for TensorFlow, see [Using TF-AMP](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/tensorflow-user-guide/index.html#tfamp) from the TensorFlow User Guide.\n\n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nMixed precision is enabled in TensorFlow by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (TF-AMP) extension which casts variables to half-precision upon retrieval, while storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a [loss scaling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#lossscaling) step must be included when applying gradients. In TensorFlow, loss scaling can be applied statically by using simple multiplication of loss by a constant value or automatically, by TF-AMP. Automatic mixed precision makes all the adjustments internally in TensorFlow, providing two benefits over manual operations. First, programmers need not modify network model code, reducing development and maintenance effort. Second, using AMP maintains forward and backward compatibility with all the APIs for defining and running TensorFlow models.\n\nTo enable mixed precision, you can simply add the values to the environmental variables inside your training script:\n- Enable TF-AMP graph rewrite:\n ```\n os.environ[\"TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION_GRAPH_REWRITE\"] = \"1\"\n ```\n \n- Enable Automated Mixed Precision:\n ```\n os.environ['TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION'] = '1'\n\n ```\n\n#### Enabling TF32\n\nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs. \n\nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n\nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n\nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.","displayName","SE-ResNeXt101-32x4d for TensorFlow1",["D",1667525081447],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/seresnext_tf1","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_151":1448,"_153":1449},"ngcApps",[1401],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1382":1383,"_1384":1385,"_1386":1387,"_1388":1389,"_1390":285,"_110":309,"_1391":1392,"_1393":59,"_1394":91,"_1395":91,"_1396":1397,"_1398":91,"_1399":1400},"amplitude",{"_1379":1380,"_981":-7,"_1381":34},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1373":1374,"_1375":1376,"_1377":1378},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1256":389,"_1257":1258,"_1259":1260,"_1261":1262},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_346":1246,"_1247":91,"_1248":34,"_1249":34,"_1250":1251},"consentConfig",{"_328":329,"_330":331,"_332":333,"_334":335,"_336":337,"_338":339,"_340":341,"_342":343,"_344":345,"_346":347},"showContactAdmin",1784134778743,[],[],[323,324,325,326,327],{"_48":63,"_50":74,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":70,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":64,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":60,"_50":61,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":69,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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