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This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

The ResNet50 v1.5 model is a modified version of the original ResNet50 v1 model.

The difference between v1 and v1.5 is that in the bottleneck blocks which requires\ndownsampling, v1 has stride = 2 in the first 1x1 convolution, whereas v1.5 has stride = 2 in the 3x3 convolution.

This difference makes ResNet50 v1.5 slightly more accurate (~0.5% top1) than v1 but comes with a small performance drawback (~5% imgs/sec).

The model is initialized as described in Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification

This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results over 2x faster than training without Tensor Cores while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

Default configuration

The following sections highlight the default configurations for the ResNet50 model.

Optimizer

This model uses SGD with momentum optimizer with the following hyperparameters:

Momentum (0.875)
Learning rate (LR) = 0.256 for 256 global batch size, for other batch sizes we linearly\nscale the learning rate. For example, default LR = 2.048 for 2048 global batch size on 8xA100. (256 batch size per GPU)
Learning rate schedule - we use cosine LR schedule
Linear warmup of the learning rate during the first 5 epochs according to Training ImageNet in 1 hour.
Weight decay (WD)= 3.0517578125e-05 (1/32768).
We do not apply WD on Batch Norm trainable parameters (gamma/bias)
Label smoothing = 0.1
We train for:\n
- 50 Epochs -> configuration that reaches 75.9% top1 accuracy
- 90 Epochs -> configuration that reaches 76.9% top1 accuracy (90 epochs is a standard for ImageNet networks)
\n

Data augmentation

This model uses the following data augmentation:

For training:\n
- Normalization
- Random resized crop to 224x224\n
  - Scale from 8% to 100%
  - Aspect ratio from 3/4 to 4/3
  \n
- Random horizontal flip
\n
For inference:\n
- Normalization
- Scale to 256x256
- Center crop to 224x224
\n

Other training recipes

This script does not target any specific benchmark.\nThere are changes that others have made which can speed up convergence and/or increase accuracy.

One of the more popular training recipes is provided by fast.ai.

The fast.ai recipe introduces many changes to the training procedure, one of which is progressive resizing of the training images.

The first part of training uses 128px images, the middle part uses 224px images, and the last part uses 288px images.\nThe final validation is performed on 288px images.

The training script in this repository performs validation on 224px images, just like the original paper described.

These two approaches can't be directly compared, since the fast.ai recipe requires validation on 288px images,\nand this recipe keeps the original assumption that validation is done on 224px images.

Using 288px images means that more FLOPs are needed during inference to reach the same accuracy.

Feature support matrix

This model supports the following features:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	ResNet50
DALI	Yes
Paddle AMP	Yes
Paddle ASP	Yes
Paddle-TRT	Yes

Features

\n
NVIDIA DALI - DALI is a library accelerating the data preparation pipeline. To accelerate your input pipeline, you only need to define your data loader\nwith the DALI library. For more information about DALI, refer to the DALI product documentation.
\n
\n
Paddle AMP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to construct AMP workflow. The details can be found in Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP), which requires minimal network code changes to leverage Tensor Cores performance. Refer to the Enabling mixed precision section for more details.
\n
\n
Paddle ASP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to enable automatic sparsity workflow with only a few code line insertions. The full APIs can be found in Paddle.static.sparsity. Paddle ASP support, currently, static graph mode only (Dynamic graph support is under development). Refer to the Enable Automatic SParsity section for more details.
\n
\n
Paddle-TRT is a PaddlePaddle inference integration with TensorRT. It selects subgraph to be accelerated by TensorRT, while leaving the rest of the operations to be executed natively by PaddlePaddle. Refer to the Inference with TensorRT section for more details.
\n

DALI

We use NVIDIA DALI,\nwhich speeds up data loading when the CPU becomes a bottleneck.\nDALI can use CPU or GPU and outperforms the PaddlePaddle native data loader.

For data loader, we only support DALI as data loader for now.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:

Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

The ability to train deep learning networks with lower precision was introduced in the Pascal architecture and first supported in CUDA 8 in the NVIDIA Deep Learning SDK.

For information about:

How to train using mixed precision in PaddlePaddle, refer to the Mixed Precision Training paper and Automatic Mixed Precision Training documentation.
Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.

Enabling mixed precision

Mixed precision is enabled in Paddle by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)\nwhile storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a loss scaling step must be included when applying gradients.\nIn PaddlePaddle, loss scaling can be easily applied by passing in arguments to GradScaler(). The scaling value to be used can be dynamic or fixed.

For an in-depth walk through on AMP, check out sample usage here. Paddle AMP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to construct AMP workflow. The details can be found in Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP), which requires minimal network code changes to leverage Tensor Cores performance.

Code example to enable mixed precision for static graph:

Use paddle.static.amp.decorate to wrap optimizer

import paddle.static.amp as amp\nmp_optimizer = amp.decorate(optimizer=optimizer, init_loss_scaling=8.0)\n

Minimize loss , and get scaled_loss, which is useful when you need customized loss.

ops, param_grads = mp_optimizer.minimize(loss)\nscaled_loss = mp_optimizer.get_scaled_loss()\n

For distributed training, it is recommended to use Fleet to enable amp, which is a unified API for distributed training of PaddlePaddle. For more information, refer to Fleet

import paddle.distributed.fleet as fleet\nstrategy = fleet.DistributedStrategy()\nstrategy.amp = True # by default this is false\noptimizer = fleet.distributed_optimizer(optimizer, strategy=dist_strategy)\n

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

Automatic SParsity

Automatic SParsity (ASP) provides a workflow to transfer deep learning models from dense to 2:4 structured sparse, that allows that inference leverage NVIDIA's Sparse Tensor Core, introduced in Ampere architecture, to theoretically reach 2x speedup and save almost 50% memory usage. The workflow of ASP generally includes two steps:

Prune well-trained dense models to 2:4 sparse.
Retrain sparse model with same hyper-parameters to recover accuracy.

For more information, refer to

GTC 2020: Accelerating Sparsity in the NVIDIA Ampere Architecture.
Mishra, Asit, et al. \"Accelerating Sparse Deep Neural Networks.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08378 (2021).
Pool, Jeff, and Chong Yu. \"Channel Permutations for N: M Sparsity.\" Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021).

Enable Automatic SParsity

There is a built-in module in PaddlePaddle to enable ASP training, which only needs to insert a couple of lines in the original codebase optimizer decoration and model pruning.

optimizer = sparsity.decorate(optimizer)\n...\nsparsity.prune_model(main_program)\n

Moreover, ASP is also compatible with mixed precision training.

Note that currently ASP only supports static graphs (Dynamic graph support is under development).

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December 2021\n * Initial release\n * Cosine LR schedule\n * DALI support\n * DALI-CPU dataloader\n * Added A100 scripts\n * Paddle AMP\n\n2. January 2022\n * Added options Label Smoothing, fan-in initialization, skipping weight decay on batch norm gamma and bias.\n * Updated README\n * A100 convergence benchmark\n\n### Known issues\n * Allreduce issues to top1 and top5 accuracy in evaluation. Workaround: use `build_strategy.fix_op_run_order = True` for eval program. (refer to [Paddle-issue-39567](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/issues/39567) for details)","hasReleaseNotes","setup","The following section lists the requirements you need to meet to start training the ResNet50 model.\n\n### Requirements\nThis repository contains a Dockerfile that extends the CUDA NGC container and encapsulates some dependencies. Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:\n\n* [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n* [PaddlePaddle 22.05-py3 NGC container](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/containers/paddlepaddle) or newer\n* Supported GPUs:\n * [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n\nFor more information about how to get started with NGC containers, refer to the\nfollowing sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning\nDGX Documentation:\n* [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n* [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","### 1. Clone the repository.\n```bash\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git\ncd DeepLearningExamples/PaddlePaddle/Classification/RN50v1.5\n```\n\n### 2. Download and preprocess the dataset.\n\nThe ResNet50 script operates on ImageNet 1k, a widely popular image classification dataset from the ILSVRC challenge.\n\nPaddle can work directly on JPEGs; therefore, preprocessing/augmentation is not needed.\n\nTo train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32,\nperform the following steps using the default parameters of the resnet50 model on the ImageNet dataset.\nFor the specifics concerning training and inference, refer to the [Advanced](#advanced) section.\n\n1. [Download the images](http://image-net.org/download-images).\n\n2. Extract the training data:\n ```bash\n cd \n mkdir train && mv ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar train/ && cd train\n tar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar && rm -f ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar\n find . -name \"*.tar\" | while read NAME ; do mkdir -p \"${NAME%.tar}\"; tar -xvf \"${NAME}\" -C \"${NAME%.tar}\"; rm -f \"${NAME}\"; done\n cd ..\n ```\n\n3. Extract the validation data and move the images to subfolders:\n ```bash\n mkdir val && mv ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar val/ && cd val && tar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar\n wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/soumith/imagenetloader.torch/master/valprep.sh | bash\n ```\n\nThe directory in which the `train/` and `val/` directories are placed is referred to as `` in this document.\n\n### 3. Build the ResNet50 PaddlePaddle NGC container.\n```bash\ndocker build . -t nvidia_resnet50\n```\n\n### 4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference.\n```bash\nnvidia-docker run --rm -it -v :/imagenet --ipc=host nvidia_resnet50\n```\n\n### 5. Start training\n\nTo run training for a standard configuration (DGXA100, AMP/TF32),\nuse one of scripts in `scripts/training` to launch training. (Please ensure ImageNet is mounted in the `/imagenet` directory.)\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# For TF32 and 8 GPUs training in 90 epochs\nbash scripts/training/train_resnet50_TF32_90E_DGXA100.sh\n\n# For AMP and 8 GPUs training in 90 epochs\nbash scripts/training/train_resnet50_TF32_90E_DGXA100.sh\n```\n\nOr you can manually launch training by `paddle.distributed.launch`. `paddle.distributed.launch` is a built-in module in PaddlePaddle that spawns up multiple distributed training processes on each of the training nodes.\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# For single GPU training with AMP\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0 train.py \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC\n\n# For 8 GPUs training with AMP\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC\n```\n\nNote that for initializing training with checkpoints or pretrained parameters, refer to [Training process](#training-process) for more details.\n\n### 6. Start validation/evaluation.\nTo evaluate the validation dataset located in `/imagenet/val`, you need to specify the pretrained weights by `--from-pretrained-params` and set `eval_only` to `--run-scope`.\n\nYou can download pretrained weights from NGC:\n```shell\nwget --content-disposition https://api.ngc.nvidia.com/v2/models/nvidia/dle/resnet_50_paddle_ckpt/versions/22.05.0_amp/zip -O resnet_50_paddle_ckpt_22.05.0_amp.zip\nunzip -d resnet_50_paddle_ckpt_22.05.0_amp.zip\n```\nThis checkpoint is well pretrained on the ImageNet dataset with AMP mode. It achieves 77.11% top 1 accuracy on the test dataset.\n\nExample:\n* TF32\n```bash\n# For single GPU evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --run-scope eval_only\n\n# For 8 GPUs evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --run-scope eval_only\n```\n\n* AMP\n```bash\n# For single GPU evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --run-scope eval_only \\\n --amp \\\n --data-layout NHWC\n\n# For 8 GPUs evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --run-scope eval_only \\\n --amp \\\n --data-layout NHWC\n```\n\nWe also provide scripts to inference with TensorRT that could reach better performance. Refer to [Inference process](#inference-process) in [Advanced](#advanced) for more details.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n\n### Scripts and sample code\n\nTo run a non standard configuration use:\n\n```bash\n# For single GPU evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0 train.py\n\n# For 8 GPUs evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py\n```\n\n### Command-line options:\nTo find the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the `-h` or `--help` command-line option, for example:\n`python [train.py|export_model.py|inference.py] -h`\n\n```bash\nPaddlePaddle RN50v1.5 training script\n\noptional arguments:\n -h, --help show this help message and exit\n\nGlobal:\n --output-dir OUTPUT_DIR\n A path to store trained models. (default: ./output/)\n --run-scope {train_eval,train_only,eval_only}\n Running scope. It should be one of {train_eval, train_only, eval_only}. (default: train_eval)\n --epochs EPOCHS The number of epochs for training. (default: 90)\n --save-interval SAVE_INTERVAL\n The iteration interval to save checkpoints. (default: 1)\n --eval-interval EVAL_INTERVAL\n The iteration interval to test trained models on a given validation dataset. Ignored when --run-scope is\n train_only. (default: 1)\n --print-interval PRINT_INTERVAL\n The iteration interval to show training/evaluation message. (default: 10)\n --report-file REPORT_FILE\n A file in which to store JSON experiment report. (default: ./report.json)\n --data-layout {NCHW,NHWC}\n Data format. It should be one of {NCHW, NHWC}. (default: NCHW)\n --benchmark To enable benchmark mode. (default: False)\n --benchmark-steps BENCHMARK_STEPS\n Steps for benchmark run, only be applied when --benchmark is set. (default: 100)\n --benchmark-warmup-steps BENCHMARK_WARMUP_STEPS\n Warmup steps for benchmark run, only be applied when --benchmark is set. (default: 100)\n --model-prefix MODEL_PREFIX\n The prefix name of model files to save/load. (default: resnet_50_paddle)\n --from-pretrained-params FROM_PRETRAINED_PARAMS\n A folder path which contains pretrained parameters, that is a file in name --model-prefix + .pdparams. It should\n not be set with --from-checkpoint at the same time. (default: None)\n --from-checkpoint FROM_CHECKPOINT\n A checkpoint path to resume training. It should not be set with --from-pretrained-params at the same time. The\n path provided could be a folder contains < epoch_id/ckpt_files > or < ckpt_files >. (default: None)\n --last-epoch-of-checkpoint LAST_EPOCH_OF_CHECKPOINT\n The epoch id of the checkpoint given by --from-checkpoint. It should be None, auto or integer >= 0. If it is set\n as None, then training will start from 0-th epoch. If it is set as auto, then it will search largest integer-\n convertable folder --from-checkpoint, which contains required checkpoint. Default is None. (default: None)\n --show-config SHOW_CONFIG\n To show arguments. (default: True)\n --enable-cpu-affinity ENABLE_CPU_AFFINITY\n To enable in-built GPU-CPU affinity. (default: True)\n\nDataset:\n --image-root IMAGE_ROOT\n A root folder of train/val images. It should contain train and val folders, which store corresponding images.\n (default: /imagenet)\n --image-shape IMAGE_SHAPE\n The image shape. Its shape should be [channel, height, width]. (default: [4, 224, 224])\n --batch-size BATCH_SIZE\n The batch size for both training and evaluation. (default: 256)\n --dali-random-seed DALI_RANDOM_SEED\n The random seed for DALI data loader. (default: 42)\n --dali-num-threads DALI_NUM_THREADS\n The number of threads applied to DALI data loader. (default: 4)\n --dali-output-fp16 Output FP16 data from DALI data loader. (default: False)\n\nData Augmentation:\n --crop-size CROP_SIZE\n The size to crop input images. (default: 224)\n --rand-crop-scale RAND_CROP_SCALE\n Range from which to choose a random area fraction. (default: [0.08, 1.0])\n --rand-crop-ratio RAND_CROP_RATIO\n Range from which to choose a random aspect ratio (width/height). (default: [0.75, 1.3333333333333333])\n --normalize-scale NORMALIZE_SCALE\n A scalar to normalize images. (default: 0.00392156862745098)\n --normalize-mean NORMALIZE_MEAN\n The mean values to normalize RGB images. (default: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406])\n --normalize-std NORMALIZE_STD\n The std values to normalize RGB images. (default: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])\n --resize-short RESIZE_SHORT\n The length of the shorter dimension of the resized image. (default: 256)\n\nModel:\n --model-arch-name MODEL_ARCH_NAME\n The model architecture name. It should be one of {ResNet50}. (default: ResNet50)\n --num-of-class NUM_OF_CLASS\n The number classes of images. (default: 1000)\n --bn-weight-decay Apply weight decay to BatchNorm shift and scale. (default: False)\n\nTraining:\n --label-smoothing LABEL_SMOOTHING\n The ratio of label smoothing. (default: 0.1)\n --optimizer OPTIMIZER\n The name of optimizer. It should be one of {Momentum}. (default: Momentum)\n --momentum MOMENTUM The momentum value of optimizer. (default: 0.875)\n --weight-decay WEIGHT_DECAY\n The coefficient of weight decay. (default: 3.0517578125e-05)\n --lr-scheduler LR_SCHEDULER\n The name of learning rate scheduler. It should be one of {Cosine}. (default: Cosine)\n --lr LR The initial learning rate. (default: 0.256)\n --warmup-epochs WARMUP_EPOCHS\n The number of epochs for learning rate warmup. (default: 5)\n --warmup-start-lr WARMUP_START_LR\n The initial learning rate for warmup. (default: 0.0)\n\nAdvanced Training:\n --amp Enable automatic mixed precision training (AMP). (default: False)\n --scale-loss SCALE_LOSS\n The loss scalar for AMP training, only be applied when --amp is set. (default: 1.0)\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling\n Enable dynamic loss scaling in AMP training, only be applied when --amp is set. (default: False)\n --use-pure-fp16 Enable pure FP16 training, only be applied when --amp is set. (default: False)\n --asp Enable automatic sparse training (ASP). (default: False)\n --prune-model Prune model to 2:4 sparse pattern, only be applied when --asp is set. (default: False)\n --mask-algo {mask_1d,mask_2d_greedy,mask_2d_best}\n The algorithm to generate sparse masks. It should be one of {mask_1d, mask_2d_greedy, mask_2d_best}. This only\n be applied when --asp and --prune-model is set. (default: mask_1d)\n\nPaddle-TRT:\n --trt-inference-dir TRT_INFERENCE_DIR\n A path to store/load inference models. export_model.py would export models to this folder, then inference.py\n would load from here. (default: ./inference)\n --trt-precision {FP32,FP16,INT8}\n The precision of TensorRT. It should be one of {FP32, FP16, INT8}. (default: FP32)\n --trt-workspace-size TRT_WORKSPACE_SIZE\n The memory workspace of TensorRT in MB. (default: 1073741824)\n --trt-min-subgraph-size TRT_MIN_SUBGRAPH_SIZE\n The minimal subgraph size to enable PaddleTRT. (default: 3)\n --trt-use-static TRT_USE_STATIC\n Fix TensorRT engine at first running. (default: False)\n --trt-use-calib-mode TRT_USE_CALIB_MODE\n Use the PTQ calibration of PaddleTRT int8. (default: False)\n --trt-export-log-path TRT_EXPORT_LOG_PATH\n A file in which to store JSON model exporting report. (default: ./export.json)\n --trt-log-path TRT_LOG_PATH\n A file in which to store JSON inference report. (default: ./inference.json)\n --trt-use-synthat TRT_USE_SYNTHAT\n Apply synthetic data for benchmark. (default: False)\n```\n\nNoted that arguments in Paddle-TRT are only available to `export_model.py` or `inference.py`.\n\n### Dataset guidelines\n\nTo use your own dataset, divide it in directories as in the following scheme:\n\n - Training images - `train//`\n - Validation images - `val//`\n\nIf the number of classes in your dataset is not 1000, you need to specify it to `--num-of-class`.\n\n### Training process\nThe model will be stored in the directory specified with `--output-dir` and `--model-arch-name`, including three files:\n- `.pdparams`: The parameters contain all the trainable tensors and will save to a file with the suffix \".pdparams\". \n- `.pdopts`: The optimizer information contains all the Tensors used by the optimizer. For Adam optimizer, it contains beta1, beta2, momentum, and so on. All the information will be saved to a file with suffix \".pdopt\". (If the optimizer has no Tensor need to save (like SGD), the file will not be generated).\n- `.pdmodel`: The network description is the description of the program. It's only used for deployment. The description will save to a file with the suffix \".pdmodel\".\n\nThe prefix of model files is specified by `--model-prefix`, which default value is `resnet_50_paddle`. Model of each epoch would be stored in directory `./output/ResNet50/epoch_id/` with three files by default, including `resnet_50_paddle.pdparams`, `resnet_50_paddle.pdopts`, `resnet_50_paddle.pdmodel`. Note that `epoch_id` is 0-based, which means `epoch_id` is from 0 to 89 for a total of 90 epochs. For example, the model of the 89th epoch would be stored in `./output/ResNet50/89/resnet_50_paddle` \n\nAssume you want to train the ResNet50 for 90 epochs, but the training process aborts during the 50th epoch due to infrastructure faults. To resume training from the checkpoint, specify `--from-checkpoint` and `--last-epoch-of-checkpoint` with following these steps: \n- Set `./output/ResNet50/49` to `--from-checkpoint`.\n- Set `--last-epoch-of-checkpoint` to `49`.\nThen rerun the training to resume training from the 50th epoch to the 89th epoch.\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# Resume AMP training from checkpoint of 50-th epoch\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --model-prefix resnet_50_paddle \\\n --from-checkpoint ./output/ResNet50/49 \\\n --last-epoch-of-checkpoint 49\n```\n\nWe also provide automatic searching for the checkpoint from last epoch. You can enable this by set `--last-epoch-of-checkpoint` as `auto`. Noted that if enable automatic searching, `--from-checkpoint` should be a folder contains chekcpoint files or `/`. In previous example, it should be `./output/ResNet50`.\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# Resume AMP training from checkpoint with automatic searching\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --model-prefix resnet_50_paddle \\\n --from-checkpoint ./output/ResNet50 \\\n --last-epoch-of-checkpoint auto\n```\n\nTo start training from pretrained weights, set `--from-pretrained-params` to `./output/ResNet50//<--model-prefix>`.\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# Train AMP with model initialization by <./your_own_path_to/resnet_50_paddle>\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --model-prefix resnet_50_paddle \\\n --from-pretrained-params ./output/ResNet50/\n```\n\nMake sure:\n- Resume from checkpoints: Both `<--model-prefix>.pdopts` and `<--model-prefix>.pdparams` must be in the given path.\n- Start from pretrained weights: `<--model-prefix>.pdparams` must be in the given path.\n- Don't set `--from-checkpoint` and `--from-pretrained-params` at the same time.\n\nThe difference between those two is that `--from-pretrained-params` contain only model weights, and `--from-checkpoint`, apart from model weights, contain the optimizer state, and LR scheduler state.\n\n`--from-checkpoint` is suitable for dividing the training into parts, for example, in order to divide the training job into shorter stages, or restart training after infrastructure faults.\n\n`--from-pretrained-params` can be used as a base for finetuning the model to a different dataset or as a backbone to detection models.\n\nMetrics gathered through both training and evaluation:\n - `[train|val].loss` - loss\n - `[train|val].top1` - top 1 accuracy\n - `[train|val].top5` - top 5 accuracy\n - `[train|val].data_time` - time spent on waiting on data\n - `[train|val].compute_time` - time spent on computing\n - `[train|val].batch_time` - time spent on a mini-batch\n - `[train|val].ips` - speed measured in images per second\n\n Metrics gathered through training only\n - `train.lr` - learning rate\n\n### Automatic SParsity training process:\nTo enable automatic sparsity training workflow, turn on `--amp` and `--prune-mode` when training launches. Refer to [Command-line options](#command-line-options)\n\nNote that automatic sparsity (ASP) requires a pretrained model to initialize parameters.\n\nYou can apply `scripts/training/train_resnet50_AMP_ASP_90E_DGXA100.sh` we provided to launch ASP + AMP training.\n```bash\n# Default path to pretrained parameters is ./output/ResNet50/89/resnet_50_paddle\nbash scripts/training/train_resnet50_AMP_ASP_90E_DGXA100.sh \n```\n\nOr following steps below to manually launch ASP + AMP training.\n\nFirst, set `--from-pretrained-params` to a pretrained model file. For example, if you have trained the ResNet50 for 90 epochs following [Training process](#training-process), the final pretrained weights would be stored in `./output/ResNet50/89/resnet_50_paddle.pdparams` by default, and set `--from-pretrained-params` to `./output/ResNet50/89`.\n\nThen run following command to run AMP + ASP:\n```bash\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params ./output/ResNet50/89 \\\n --model-prefix resnet_50_paddle \\\n --epochs 90 \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --asp \\\n --prune-model \\\n --mask-algo mask_1d\n```\n\n### Inference process\n\n#### Inference on your own datasets.\nTo run inference on a single example with pretrained parameters,\n\n1. Set `--from-pretrained-params` to your pretrained parameters.\n2. Set `--image-root` to the root folder of your own dataset. \n - Note that validation dataset should be in `image-root/val`.\n3. Set `--run-scope` to `eval_only`.\n```bash\n# For single GPU evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --image-root \\\n --run-scope eval_only\n\n# For 8 GPUs evaluation\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --from-pretrained-params \\\n --image-root \\\n --run-scope eval_only\n```\n\n#### Inference with TensorRT\nTo run inference with TensorRT for the best performance, you can apply the scripts in `scripts/inference`.\n\nFor example,\n1. Run `bash scripts/inference/export_resnet50_AMP.sh ` to export an inference model.\n - The default path of checkpoint is `./output/ResNet50/89`.\n2. Run `bash scripts/inference/infer_resnet50_AMP.sh` to infer with TensorRT.\n\nOr you could manually run `export_model.py` and `inference.py` with specific arguments, refer to [Command-line options](#command-line-options).\n\nNote that arguments passed to `export_model.py` and `inference.py` should be the same with arguments used in training.","hasAdvanced","performance","The performance measurements in this document were conducted at the time of publication and may not reflect the performance achieved from NVIDIA's latest software release. For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to [NVIDIA Data Center Deep Learning Product Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference).\n\n### Benchmarking\n\nThe following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference modes.\n\n#### Training performance benchmark\n\nTo benchmark training (A100 GPUs only for now), set `--benchmark`, `--benchmark-steps` and `--benchmark-warmup-steps`, then run training with `--run-scope train_only`.\nRefer to [Command-line options](#command-line-options).\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# For 8 GPUs benchmark for AMP\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --run-scope train_only \\\n --amp \\\n --scale-loss 128.0 \\\n --use-dynamic-loss-scaling \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --benchmark \\\n --benchmark-steps 100 \\\n --benchmark-warmup-steps 300\n```\n\nBenchmark will run 300 iterations for warmup and 100 iterations for benchmark, then save benchmark results in the `--report-file` file.\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\n\n##### Benchmark\n\nTo benchmark evaluation (A100 GPUs only for now), set `--benchmark`, `--benchmark-steps` and `--benchmark-warmup-steps`, then run training with `--run-scope eval_only`.\nRefer to [Command-line options](#command-line-options).\n\nExample:\n```bash\n# For 8 GPUs benchmark for AMP\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --run-scope eval_only \\\n --amp \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --benchmark \\\n --benchmark-steps 100 \\\n --benchmark-warmup-steps 300\n```\n\nBenchmark will run 300 iterations for warmup and 100 iterations for benchmark, then save benchmark results in the `--report-file` file.\n\nIt is also allowed to set batch size for benchmark by adding `--batch-size ` in launching commands.\n```bash\n# For 8 GPUs benchmark for AMP\npython -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 train.py \\\n --run-scope eval_only \\\n --batch-size 32 \\\n --amp \\\n --data-layout NHWC \\\n --benchmark \\\n --benchmark-steps 100 \\\n --benchmark-warmup-steps 300\n```\n\n##### Benchmark with TensorRT\n\nTo benchmark the inference performance with TensorRT on a specific batch size, run:\n\n* FP32 / TF32\n```bash\npython inference.py \\\n --trt-inference-dir \\\n --trt-precision FP32 \\\n --batch-size \\\n --benchmark-steps 1024 \\\n --benchmark-warmup-steps 16\n```\n\n* FP16\n```bash\npython inference.py \\\n --trt-inference-dir \\\n --trt-precision FP16 \\\n --batch-size \n --benchmark-steps 1024 \\\n --benchmark-warmup-steps 16\n```\n\nNote that arguments passed to `inference.py` should be the same with arguments used in training.\n\nThe benchmark uses the validation dataset by default, which should be put in `--image-root/val`.\nFor the performance benchmark of the raw model, a synthetic dataset can be used. To use synthetic dataset, add `--trt-use-synthat True` as a command line option.\n\n### Results\n\n#### Training accuracy results\n\nOur results were obtained by running the applicable training script in the PaddlePaddle NGC container.\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n\n##### Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| **Epochs** | **Mixed Precision Top1** | **TF32 Top1** |\n|:----------:|:------------------------:|:---------------:|\n| 50 | 75.96 +/- 0.09 | 76.17 +/- 0.11 |\n| 90 | 76.93 +/- 0.14 | 76.91 +/- 0.13 |\n\n##### Example plots\n\nThe following images show the 90 epochs configuration on a DGX-A100.\n\n![ValidationLoss](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/PaddlePaddle/Classification/RN50v1.5//img/loss.png)\n\n![ValidationTop1](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/PaddlePaddle/Classification/RN50v1.5//img/top1.png)\n\n![ValidationTop5](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/master/PaddlePaddle/Classification/RN50v1.5//img/top5.png)\n\n\n##### Accuracy recovering of Automatic SParsity: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| **Epochs** | **Mixed Precision Top1 (Baseline)** | **Mixed Precision+ASP Top1** |\n|:----------:|:-----------------------------------:|:-----------------------------:|\n| 90 | 76.92 | 76.72 |\n\n#### Training performance results\n\nOur results were obtained by running the applicable training script in the PaddlePaddle NGC container.\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the steps in the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| **GPUs** | **Throughput - TF32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput speedup (TF32 to mixed precision)** | **TF32 Scaling** | **Mixed Precision Scaling** | **Mixed Precision Training Time (90E)** | **TF32 Training Time (90E)** |\n|:--------:|:------------:|:-------------:|:------------:|:------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|\n| 1 | 993 img/s | 2711 img/s | 2.73 x | 1.0 x | 1.0 x | ~13 hours| ~40 hours|\n| 8 | 7955 img/s | 20267 img/s | 2.54 x | 8.01 x | 7.47 x | ~2 hours | ~4 hours |\n\n##### Training performance of Automatic SParsity: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n\n| **GPUs** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput - mixed precision+ASP** | **Overhead** |\n|:--------:|:---------------------------------:|:------------------------------------:|:------------:|\n| 1 | 2711 img/s | 2686 img/s | 1.0% |\n| 8 | 20267 img/s | 20144 img/s | 0.6% |\n\nNote that the `train.py` would enable CPU affinity binding to GPUs by default, that is designed and guaranteed being optimal for NVIDIA DGX-series. You could disable binding via launch `train.py` with `--enable-cpu-affinity false`.\n\n### Inference performance results\n\n#### Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\nOur results were obtained by running the applicable training script with `--run-scope eval_only` argument in the PaddlePaddle NGC container.\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 138.90 img/s | 7.19 ms | 7.25 ms | 7.70 ms | 17.05 ms |\n| 2 | 263.20 img/s | 7.59 ms | 7.61 ms | 8.27 ms | 18.17 ms |\n| 4 | 442.47 img/s | 9.04 ms | 9.31 ms | 10.10 ms | 20.41 ms |\n| 8 | 904.99 img/s | 8.83 ms | 9.27 ms | 10.08 ms | 18.16 ms |\n| 16 | 1738.12 img/s | 9.20 ms | 9.75 ms | 10.16 ms | 18.06 ms |\n| 32 | 2423.74 img/s | 13.20 ms | 16.09 ms | 18.10 ms | 28.01 ms |\n| 64 | 2890.31 img/s | 22.14 ms | 22.10 ms | 22.79 ms | 30.62 ms |\n| 128 | 2676.88 img/s | 47.81 ms | 68.94 ms | 77.97 ms | 92.41 ms |\n| 256 | 3283.94 img/s | 77.95 ms | 79.02 ms | 80.88 ms | 98.36 ms |\n\n**Mixed Precision Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 127.12 img/s | 7.86 ms | 8.24 ms | 8.52 ms | 14.17 ms |\n| 2 | 239.49 img/s | 8.35 ms | 9.08 ms | 9.78 ms | 9.89 ms |\n| 4 | 519.19 img/s | 7.70 ms | 7.44 ms | 7.69 ms | 14.20 ms |\n| 8 | 918.01 img/s | 8.71 ms | 8.39 ms | 9.08 ms | 21.23 ms |\n| 16 | 1795.41 img/s | 8.91 ms | 9.73 ms | 10.36 ms | 11.39 ms |\n| 32 | 3201.59 img/s | 9.99 ms | 12.04 ms | 15.29 ms | 23.23 ms |\n| 64 | 4919.89 img/s | 13.00 ms | 13.66 ms | 14.06 ms | 24.75 ms |\n| 128 | 4361.36 img/s | 29.34 ms | 47.47 ms | 157.49 ms | 77.42 ms |\n| 256 | 5742.03 img/s | 44.58 ms | 52.78 ms | 356.58 ms | 78.99 ms |\n\n### Paddle-TRT performance results\n\n#### Paddle-TRT performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)\nOur results for Paddle-TRT were obtained by running the `inference.py` script on NVIDIA DGX A100 with (1x A100 80G) GPU.\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 716.49 img/s | 1.40 ms | 1.96 ms | 2.20 ms | 3.01 ms |\n| 2 | 1219.98 img/s | 1.64 ms | 2.26 ms | 2.90 ms | 5.04 ms |\n| 4 | 1880.12 img/s | 2.13 ms | 3.39 ms | 4.44 ms | 7.32 ms |\n| 8 | 2404.10 img/s | 3.33 ms | 4.51 ms | 5.90 ms | 10.39 ms |\n| 16 | 3101.28 img/s | 5.16 ms | 7.06 ms | 9.13 ms | 15.18 ms |\n| 32 | 3294.11 img/s | 9.71 ms | 21.42 ms | 26.94 ms | 35.79 ms |\n| 64 | 4327.38 img/s | 14.79 ms | 25.59 ms | 30.45 ms | 45.34 ms |\n| 128 | 4956.59 img/s | 25.82 ms | 33.74 ms | 40.36 ms | 56.06 ms |\n| 256 | 5244.29 img/s | 48.81 ms | 62.11 ms | 67.56 ms | 88.38 ms |\n\n**FP16 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 860.90 img/s | 1.16 ms | 1.81 ms | 2.06 ms | 2.98 ms |\n| 2 | 1464.06 img/s | 1.37 ms | 2.13 ms | 2.73 ms | 4.76 ms |\n| 4 | 2246.24 img/s | 1.78 ms | 3.17 ms | 4.20 ms | 7.39 ms |\n| 8 | 2457.44 img/s | 3.25 ms | 4.35 ms | 5.50 ms | 9.98 ms |\n| 16 | 3928.83 img/s | 4.07 ms | 6.26 ms | 8.50 ms | 15.10 ms |\n| 32 | 3853.13 img/s | 8.30 ms | 19.87 ms | 25.51 ms | 34.99 ms |\n| 64 | 5581.89 img/s | 11.46 ms | 22.32 ms | 30.75 ms | 43.35 ms |\n| 128 | 6846.77 img/s | 18.69 ms | 25.43 ms | 35.03 ms | 50.04 ms |\n| 256 | 7481.19 img/s | 34.22 ms | 40.92 ms | 51.10 ms | 65.68 ms |\n\n#### Paddle-TRT performance: NVIDIA A30 (1x A30 24GB)\nOur results for Paddle-TRT were obtained by running the `inference.py` script on NVIDIA A30 with (1x A30 24G) GPU.\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 672.79 img/s | 1.49 ms | 2.01 ms | 2.29 ms | 3.04 ms |\n| 2 | 1041.47 img/s | 1.92 ms | 2.49 ms | 2.87 ms | 4.13 ms |\n| 4 | 1505.64 img/s | 2.66 ms | 3.43 ms | 4.06 ms | 6.85 ms |\n| 8 | 2001.13 img/s | 4.00 ms | 4.72 ms | 5.54 ms | 9.51 ms |\n| 16 | 2462.80 img/s | 6.50 ms | 7.71 ms | 9.32 ms | 15.54 ms |\n| 32 | 2474.34 img/s | 12.93 ms | 21.61 ms | 25.76 ms | 34.69 ms |\n| 64 | 2949.38 img/s | 21.70 ms | 29.58 ms | 34.63 ms | 47.11 ms |\n| 128 | 3278.67 img/s | 39.04 ms | 43.34 ms | 52.72 ms | 66.78 ms |\n| 256 | 3293.10 img/s | 77.74 ms | 90.51 ms | 99.71 ms | 110.80 ms |\n\n**FP16 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 804.56 img/s | 1.24 ms | 1.81 ms | 2.15 ms | 3.07 ms |\n| 2 | 1435.74 img/s | 1.39 ms | 2.05 ms | 2.48 ms | 3.86 ms |\n| 4 | 2169.87 img/s | 1.84 ms | 2.72 ms | 3.39 ms | 5.94 ms |\n| 8 | 2395.13 img/s | 3.34 ms | 4.46 ms | 5.11 ms | 9.49 ms |\n| 16 | 3779.82 img/s | 4.23 ms | 5.83 ms | 7.66 ms | 14.44 ms |\n| 32 | 3620.18 img/s | 8.84 ms | 17.90 ms | 22.31 ms | 30.91 ms |\n| 64 | 4592.08 img/s | 13.94 ms | 24.00 ms | 29.38 ms | 41.41 ms |\n| 128 | 5064.06 img/s | 25.28 ms | 31.73 ms | 37.79 ms | 53.01 ms |\n| 256 | 4774.61 img/s | 53.62 ms | 59.04 ms | 67.29 ms | 80.51 ms |\n\n#### Paddle-TRT performance: NVIDIA A10 (1x A10 24GB)\nOur results for Paddle-TRT were obtained by running the `inference.py` script on NVIDIA A10 with (1x A10 24G) GPU.\n\n**TF32 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 372.04 img/s | 2.69 ms | 3.64 ms | 4.20 ms | 5.28 ms |\n| 2 | 615.93 img/s | 3.25 ms | 4.08 ms | 4.59 ms | 6.42 ms |\n| 4 | 1070.02 img/s | 3.74 ms | 3.90 ms | 4.35 ms | 7.48 ms |\n| 8 | 1396.88 img/s | 5.73 ms | 6.87 ms | 7.52 ms | 10.63 ms |\n| 16 | 1522.20 img/s | 10.51 ms | 12.73 ms | 13.84 ms | 17.84 ms |\n| 32 | 1674.39 img/s | 19.11 ms | 23.23 ms | 24.63 ms | 29.55 ms |\n| 64 | 1782.14 img/s | 35.91 ms | 41.84 ms | 44.53 ms | 48.94 ms |\n| 128 | 1722.33 img/s | 74.32 ms | 85.37 ms | 89.27 ms | 94.85 ms |\n| 256 | 1576.89 img/s | 162.34 ms | 181.01 ms | 185.92 ms | 194.42 ms |\n\n**FP16 Inference Latency**\n\n|**Batch Size**|**Avg throughput**|**Avg latency**|**90% Latency**|**95% Latency**|**99% Latency**|\n|--------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|\n| 1 | 365.38 img/s | 2.74 ms | 3.94 ms | 4.35 ms | 5.64 ms |\n| 2 | 612.52 img/s | 3.26 ms | 4.34 ms | 4.80 ms | 6.97 ms |\n| 4 | 1018.15 img/s | 3.93 ms | 4.95 ms | 5.55 ms | 9.16 ms |\n| 8 | 1924.26 img/s | 4.16 ms | 5.44 ms | 6.20 ms | 11.89 ms |\n| 16 | 2477.49 img/s | 6.46 ms | 8.07 ms | 9.21 ms | 15.05 ms |\n| 32 | 2896.01 img/s | 11.05 ms | 13.56 ms | 15.32 ms | 21.76 ms |\n| 64 | 3165.27 img/s | 20.22 ms | 24.20 ms | 25.94 ms | 33.18 ms |\n| 128 | 3176.46 img/s | 40.29 ms | 46.36 ms | 49.15 ms | 54.95 ms |\n| 256 | 3110.01 img/s | 82.31 ms | 93.21 ms | 96.06 ms | 99.97 ms |","hasPerformance","policies",[],{"_75":201,"_77":202,"_169":-5,"_175":30,"_177":30,"_193":200,"_180":85},{"_75":21,"_77":21,"_169":-5,"_175":30,"_177":30,"_193":200,"_180":85},{"_75":198,"_77":198,"_169":-5,"_175":30,"_177":30,"_193":199,"_180":85},"22.05.0",[],[],"-","Latest (22.05.1)","nvidia/dle/resnet_paddle","key","nvidia/dle/resources/resnet_paddle","resourceType","resources","resourceId","resnet_paddle","shortDescription","With modified architecture and initialization this ResNet50 version gives ~0.5% better accuracy than original.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/resnet-paddle)\n\nThe ResNet50 v1.5 model is a modified version of the [original ResNet50 v1 model](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385).\n\nThe difference between v1 and v1.5 is that in the bottleneck blocks which requires\ndownsampling, v1 has stride = 2 in the first 1x1 convolution, whereas v1.5 has stride = 2 in the 3x3 convolution.\n\nThis difference makes ResNet50 v1.5 slightly more accurate (\\~0.5% top1) than v1 but comes with a small performance drawback (\\~5% imgs/sec).\n\nThe model is initialized as described in [Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01852.pdf)\n\nThis model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results over 2x faster than training without Tensor Cores while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.\n\n### Default configuration\n\nThe following sections highlight the default configurations for the ResNet50 model.\n\n#### Optimizer\n\nThis model uses SGD with momentum optimizer with the following hyperparameters:\n\n* Momentum (0.875)\n* Learning rate (LR) = 0.256 for 256 global batch size, for other batch sizes we linearly\nscale the learning rate. For example, default LR = 2.048 for 2048 global batch size on 8xA100. (256 batch size per GPU)\n* Learning rate schedule - we use cosine LR schedule\n* Linear warmup of the learning rate during the first 5 epochs according to [Training ImageNet in 1 hour](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677).\n* Weight decay (WD)= 3.0517578125e-05 (1/32768).\n* We do not apply WD on Batch Norm trainable parameters (gamma/bias)\n* Label smoothing = 0.1\n* We train for: \n * 50 Epochs -> configuration that reaches 75.9% top1 accuracy \n * 90 Epochs -> configuration that reaches 76.9% top1 accuracy (90 epochs is a standard for ImageNet networks)\n\n#### Data augmentation\n\nThis model uses the following data augmentation:\n\n* For training:\n * Normalization\n * Random resized crop to 224x224\n * Scale from 8% to 100%\n * Aspect ratio from 3/4 to 4/3\n * Random horizontal flip\n* For inference:\n * Normalization\n * Scale to 256x256\n * Center crop to 224x224\n\n#### Other training recipes\n\nThis script does not target any specific benchmark.\nThere are changes that others have made which can speed up convergence and/or increase accuracy.\n\nOne of the more popular training recipes is provided by [fast.ai](https://github.com/fastai/imagenet-fast).\n\nThe fast.ai recipe introduces many changes to the training procedure, one of which is progressive resizing of the training images.\n\nThe first part of training uses 128px images, the middle part uses 224px images, and the last part uses 288px images.\nThe final validation is performed on 288px images.\n\nThe training script in this repository performs validation on 224px images, just like the original paper described.\n\nThese two approaches can't be directly compared, since the fast.ai recipe requires validation on 288px images,\nand this recipe keeps the original assumption that validation is done on 224px images.\n\nUsing 288px images means that more FLOPs are needed during inference to reach the same accuracy.\n\n### Feature support matrix\n\nThis model supports the following features:\n\n| Feature | ResNet50\n|-----------------------|--------------------------\n|[DALI](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/dali-release-notes/index.html) | Yes |\n|[Paddle AMP](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/guides/performance_improving/amp_en.html) | Yes |\n|[Paddle ASP](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/static/sparsity/decorate_en.html) | Yes |\n|[Paddle-TRT](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle-Inference-Demo/blob/master/docs/optimize/paddle_trt_en.rst) | Yes |\n\n#### Features\n\n- NVIDIA DALI - DALI is a library accelerating the data preparation pipeline. To accelerate your input pipeline, you only need to define your data loader\nwith the DALI library. For more information about DALI, refer to the [DALI product documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dali/user-guide/docs/index.html).\n\n- Paddle AMP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to construct AMP workflow. The details can be found in [Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/guides/performance_improving/amp_en.html#automatic-mixed-precision-training-with-paddlepaddle), which requires minimal network code changes to leverage Tensor Cores performance. Refer to the [Enabling mixed precision](#enabling-mixed-precision) section for more details.\n\n- Paddle ASP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to enable automatic sparsity workflow with only a few code line insertions. The full APIs can be found in [Paddle.static.sparsity](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/static/sparsity/calculate_density_en.html). Paddle ASP support, currently, static graph mode only (Dynamic graph support is under development). Refer to the [Enable Automatic SParsity](#enable-automatic-sparsity) section for more details.\n\n- Paddle-TRT is a PaddlePaddle inference integration with [TensorRT](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/tensorrt/developer-guide/index.html). It selects subgraph to be accelerated by TensorRT, while leaving the rest of the operations to be executed natively by PaddlePaddle. Refer to the [Inference with TensorRT](#inference-with-tensorrt) section for more details.\n\n### DALI\n\nWe use [NVIDIA DALI](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DALI),\nwhich speeds up data loading when the CPU becomes a bottleneck.\nDALI can use CPU or GPU and outperforms the PaddlePaddle native data loader.\n\nFor data loader, we only support DALI as data loader for now.\n\n### Mixed precision training\n\nMixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of [Tensor Cores](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensor-cores) in NVIDIA Volta, and following with both the NVIDIA Turing and NVIDIA Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:\n1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.\n2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.\n\nThe ability to train deep learning networks with lower precision was introduced in the Pascal architecture and first supported in CUDA 8 in the NVIDIA Deep Learning SDK.\n\nFor information about:\n- How to train using mixed precision in PaddlePaddle, refer to the [Mixed Precision Training](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) paper and [Automatic Mixed Precision Training](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/guides/performance_improving/amp_en.html) documentation.\n- Techniques used for mixed precision training, refer to the [Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/mixed-precision-training-deep-neural-networks/) blog.\n\n#### Enabling mixed precision\n\nMixed precision is enabled in Paddle by using the Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) \nwhile storing variables in single-precision format. Furthermore, to preserve small gradient magnitudes in backpropagation, a [loss scaling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html#lossscaling) step must be included when applying gradients.\nIn PaddlePaddle, loss scaling can be easily applied by passing in arguments to [GradScaler()](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/amp/GradScaler_en.html). The scaling value to be used can be dynamic or fixed.\n\nFor an in-depth walk through on AMP, check out sample usage [here](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/guides/performance_improving/amp_en.html). Paddle AMP is a PaddlePaddle built-in module that provides functions to construct AMP workflow. The details can be found in [Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/guides/performance_improving/amp_en.html#automatic-mixed-precision-training-with-paddlepaddle), which requires minimal network code changes to leverage Tensor Cores performance.\n\nCode example to enable mixed precision for static graph:\n- Use `paddle.static.amp.decorate` to wrap optimizer\n ```python\n import paddle.static.amp as amp\n mp_optimizer = amp.decorate(optimizer=optimizer, init_loss_scaling=8.0)\n ```\n- Minimize `loss` , and get `scaled_loss`, which is useful when you need customized loss.\n ```python\n ops, param_grads = mp_optimizer.minimize(loss)\n scaled_loss = mp_optimizer.get_scaled_loss()\n ```\n- For distributed training, it is recommended to use Fleet to enable amp, which is a unified API for distributed training of PaddlePaddle. For more information, refer to [Fleet](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/distributed/fleet/Fleet_en.html#fleet)\n\n ```python\n import paddle.distributed.fleet as fleet\n strategy = fleet.DistributedStrategy()\n strategy.amp = True # by default this is false\n optimizer = fleet.distributed_optimizer(optimizer, strategy=dist_strategy)\n ```\n\n#### Enabling TF32\n\nTensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in [NVIDIA A100](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/a100/) GPUs for handling the matrix math, also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs. \n\nTF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require a high dynamic range for weights or activations.\n\nFor more information, refer to the [TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/05/14/tensorfloat-32-precision-format/) blog post.\n\nTF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.\n\n### Automatic SParsity\n\nAutomatic SParsity (ASP) provides a workflow to transfer deep learning models from dense to 2:4 structured sparse, that allows that inference leverage NVIDIA's Sparse Tensor Core, introduced in Ampere architecture, to theoretically reach 2x speedup and save almost 50% memory usage. The workflow of ASP generally includes two steps:\n- Prune well-trained dense models to 2:4 sparse.\n- Retrain sparse model with same hyper-parameters to recover accuracy.\n\nFor more information, refer to\n- [GTC 2020: Accelerating Sparsity in the NVIDIA Ampere Architecture.](https://developer.nvidia.com/gtc/2020/video/s22085#)\n- Mishra, Asit, et al. \"Accelerating Sparse Deep Neural Networks.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08378 (2021).\n- Pool, Jeff, and Chong Yu. \"Channel Permutations for N: M Sparsity.\" Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021).\n\n#### Enable Automatic SParsity\nThere is a built-in module in PaddlePaddle to enable ASP training, which only needs to insert a couple of lines in the original codebase [optimizer decoration](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/static/sparsity/decorate_en.html) and [model pruning](https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/paddle/static/sparsity/prune_model_en.html). \n```python\noptimizer = sparsity.decorate(optimizer)\n...\nsparsity.prune_model(main_program)\n```\nMoreover, ASP is also compatible with mixed precision training.\n\nNote that currently ASP only supports static graphs (Dynamic graph support is under development).","displayName","ResNet50 v1.5 for PaddlePaddle",["D",1667524988152],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning Examples","latestVersion","versions","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/dle/resources/resnet_paddle","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-Examples.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_106":1422,"_108":1423},"ngcApps",[1375],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1356":1357,"_1358":1359,"_1360":1361,"_1362":1363,"_1364":256,"_138":280,"_1365":1366,"_1367":55,"_1368":85,"_1369":85,"_1370":1371,"_1372":85,"_1373":1374},"amplitude",{"_1353":1354,"_954":-7,"_1355":30},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNoaW5hTmltRGlzdHJpYnV0b3JzUmVkZXNpZ24lMjIlM0F0cnVlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlQ3NhV2lkZ2V0JTIyJTNBZmFsc2UlMkMlMjJlbmFibGVQcm9kdWN0R3JvdXBpbmdCeVN1YnNjcmlwdGlvbiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyY29udGFpbmVyU2Nhbm5pbmdSZWRlc2lnbk0xJTIyJTNBdHJ1ZSU3RA==","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1347":1348,"_1349":1350,"_1351":1352},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"1.7.3","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1229":361,"_1230":1231,"_1232":1233,"_1234":1235},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_318":1219,"_1220":85,"_1221":30,"_1222":30,"_1223":1224},"consentConfig",{"_300":301,"_302":303,"_304":305,"_306":307,"_308":309,"_310":311,"_312":313,"_314":315,"_316":317,"_318":319},"showContactAdmin",1783998883678,[],[],[294,295,296,297,298,299],{"_44":58,"_46":69,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":58,"_46":67,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":58,"_46":65,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":58,"_46":59,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":56,"_46":57,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},{"_44":45,"_46":47,"_48":101,"_50":-5,"_52":-5,"_54":55},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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They are capable of tracking your browser across other sites and building up a profile of your interests. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to use or see these sharing tools.","alwaysActive","order",11,"cookies",[],"hosts",[],"C0004","Advertising Cookies","These cookies record your visit to our websites, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed to influence the advertisements that you see on other websites. These cookies and the information they collect may be managed by other companies, including our advertising partners, and may be used to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant advertising on other sites. We and our advertising partners will use this information to make our websites and the advertising displayed on it, more relevant to your interests.",5,[470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504],[342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358],{"_359":466,"_213":466,"_167":361,"_332":467},{"_359":461,"_213":461,"_167":361,"_332":462},{"_359":457,"_213":457,"_167":361,"_332":458},{"_359":452,"_213":452,"_167":361,"_332":453},{"_359":447,"_213":447,"_167":361,"_332":448},{"_359":435,"_213":435,"_167":361,"_332":436},{"_359":423,"_213":423,"_167":361,"_332":424},{"_359":418,"_213":418,"_167":361,"_332":419},{"_359":407,"_213":407,"_167":361,"_332":408},{"_359":402,"_213":402,"_167":361,"_332":403},{"_359":397,"_213":397,"_167":361,"_332":398},{"_359":392,"_213":392,"_167":361,"_332":393},{"_359":387,"_213":387,"_167":361,"_332":388},{"_359":382,"_213":382,"_167":361,"_332":383},{"_359":377,"_213":377,"_167":361,"_332":378},{"_359":370,"_213":370,"_167":361,"_332":371},{"_359":360,"_213":360,"_167":361,"_332":362},"hostName","amazon-adsystem.com","",[363,364],{"_77":369,"_366":360,"_367":30,"_167":368},{"_77":365,"_366":360,"_367":30,"_167":368},"ad-privacy","host","isSession","This domain is owned by online retailer Amazon and is used as part of its affiliate marketing programme.","ad-id","doubleclick.net",[372,373],{"_77":376,"_366":370,"_367":30,"_167":375},{"_77":374,"_366":370,"_367":30,"_167":375},"IDE","This domain is owned by Doubleclick (Google). The main business activity is: Doubleclick is Googles real time bidding advertising exchange","test_cookie","bing.com",[379],{"_77":380,"_366":377,"_367":30,"_167":381},"MUID","This domain is owned by Mircosoft - it is the site for the search engine Bing.","assets.adobedtm.com",[384],{"_77":385,"_366":382,"_367":30,"_167":386},"kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_consent","If you know anything about this host and its uses please add your contributions here. ","tiktok.com",[389],{"_77":390,"_366":387,"_367":30,"_167":391},"_ttp","TikTok is a social media platform owned by ByteDance, known for short-form video sharing. The service is used to create and share videos, and it utilizes cookies for various purposes including advertising and analytics.","t.co",[394],{"_77":395,"_366":392,"_367":30,"_167":396},"muc_ads","This domain is owned by Twitter. It is used as a URL shortening service, which allows Twitter to collect data on how links are shared.","snowplow.com",[399],{"_77":400,"_366":397,"_367":30,"_167":401},"sp","Testing","google.com",[404],{"_77":405,"_366":402,"_367":30,"_167":406},"NID","This domain is owned by Google Inc. Although Google is primarily known as a search engine, the company provides a diverse range of products and services. Its main source of revenue however is advertising. Google tracks users extensively both through its own products and sites, and the numerous technologies embedded into many millions of websites around the world. It uses the data gathered from most of these services to profile the interests of web users and sell advertising space to organisations based on such interest profiles as well as aligning adverts to the content on the pages where its customer's adverts appear.","tags.srv.stackadapt.com",[409,410,411,412],{"_77":417,"_366":407,"_367":30,"_167":414},{"_77":416,"_366":407,"_367":30,"_167":414},{"_77":415,"_366":407,"_367":30,"_167":414},{"_77":413,"_366":407,"_367":30,"_167":414},"sa-user-id-v3","This domain is associated with StackAdapt, a platform for programmatic advertising, which suggests that it is used for targeting and advertising purposes.","sa-user-id","sa-user-id-v2","sa-user-id-v4","linkedin.com",[420],{"_77":421,"_366":418,"_367":30,"_167":422},"bcookie","This domain is owned by LinkedIn, the business networking platform. It typically acts as a third party host where website owners have placed one of its content sharing buttons in their pages, although its content and services can be embedded in other ways. Although such buttons add functionality to the website they are on, cookies are set regardless of whether or not the visitor has an active Linkedin profile, or agreed to their terms and conditions. For this reason it is classified as a primarily tracking/targeting domain.","twitter.com",[425,426,427,428],{"_77":434,"_366":423,"_367":30,"_167":430},{"_77":432,"_366":423,"_367":30,"_167":433},{"_77":431,"_366":423,"_367":30,"_167":430},{"_77":429,"_366":423,"_367":30,"_167":430},"personalization_id","This domain is owned by Twitter. The main business activity is: Social Networking Services. Where twitter acts as a third party host, it collects data through a range of plug-ins and integrations, that is primarily used for tracking and targeting.","guest_id_marketing","guest_id","Twitter does not currently provide information on the use of specific cookies.","guest_id_ads","youtube.com",[437,438,439,440],{"_77":446,"_366":435,"_367":30,"_167":444},{"_77":445,"_366":435,"_367":30,"_167":444},{"_77":443,"_366":435,"_367":30,"_167":444},{"_77":441,"_366":435,"_367":30,"_167":442},"VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","This cookie is used as a unique identifier to track viewing of videos","__Secure-YNID","YouTube is a Google owned platform for hosting and sharing videos. YouTube collects user data through videos embedded in websites, which is aggregated with profile data from other Google services in order to display targeted advertising to web visitors across a broad range of their own and other websites.","__Secure-YEC","__Secure-ROLLOUT_TOKEN","demdex.net",[449],{"_77":450,"_366":447,"_367":30,"_167":451},"demdex","This cookie helps Adobe Audience Manger perform basic functions such as visitor identification, ID synchronization, segmentation, modeling, reporting, etc.","im-apps.net",[454],{"_77":455,"_366":452,"_367":30,"_167":456},"receive-cookie-deprecation","This domain is owned by im-apps.net which provides information and resources about various instant messaging (IM) applications to help users make informed decisions based on their communication needs.","influ2.com",[459],{"_77":460,"_366":457,"_367":30,"_167":401},"R","6sc.co",[463],{"_77":464,"_366":461,"_367":30,"_167":465},"6suuid","This domain is associated with the company 6Sense Insights, Inc., which provides predictive analytics and account engagement services. 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It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier.","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_identity","_rdt_pn","www.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with www.mind.org.uk which is used for marketing purposes.","ai-podcast.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to identify the user's session on the website and is often associated with analytics or personalization.","_gcl_au","Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services","_mkto_trk","This cookie is associated with an email marketing service provided by Marketo. This tracking cookie allows a website to link visitor behaviour to the recipient of an email marketing campaign, to measure campaign effectiveness.","_gat_gtag_UA_140825383_2","Google Analytics","_zitok","This cookie name is associated with ZoomInfo which is used to maintain a unique visitor identifier and store Personally Identifiable Information.","_rdt_uuid","This cookie is set by Reddit and is used for tracking the views of embedded videos and performance of the advertisements.","AMP_91bf70adfe","Supports Amplitude product analytics.","This cookie name is associated with StackAdapt Inc. which is used to support the effective management and optimization of digital advertising campaigns by handling information such as visitor actions on websites, visited pages, time spent, page load speed, and more.","build.nvidia.com","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_cluster","_cs_nnnnnnnnnnnnn","This is a session cookie. 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It is commonly used for analytics and personalization of content.","marketplace.nvidia.com","AMP_MKTG_92dea1e784","This cookie is typically associated with SnackTools, which is a suite of web applications for creating and sharing multimedia content. It is used to identify a user across sessions and track user activities.","forums.developer.nvidia.com","This cookie is typically associated with the use of Taptap Digital, a company specializing in digital advertising. It is used for tracking and ad personalization purposes.","_tt_enable_cookie","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to collect data about behavior and purchases on the website and to measure the effect of advertising. It is also used to track website activity to help optimize advertising efforts.","AMCV_xxxxxAdobeOrg","This cookie is used to identify a unique visitor for tracking purposes by Adobe Experience Cloud.This is a pattern type cookie name associated with Adobe Marketing Cloud. It stores a unique visitor identifier, and uses an organisation identifier to allow a company to track users across their domains and services.","ttcsid","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to enable TikTok Ads session tracking by assigning a unique session ID to users who click on TikTok ads, allowing for the attribution of user behavior and conversions within the same session.This cookie is associated with TikTok. It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","AMP_MKTG_91bf70adfe","C0003","Personalization Cookies","These cookies collect data about how you have interacted with our website to help us improve your web experience, such as which pages you have visited. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",4,[593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613],[558,559,560,561,562],{"_359":452,"_213":452,"_167":361,"_332":584},{"_359":418,"_213":418,"_167":361,"_332":579},{"_359":572,"_213":572,"_167":361,"_332":573},{"_359":568,"_213":568,"_167":361,"_332":569},{"_359":563,"_213":563,"_167":361,"_332":564},"nvcrm.my.site.com",[565],{"_77":566,"_366":563,"_367":30,"_167":567},"BrowserId","If you know anything about this cookie and its uses that are not specific to a particular site please add your contributions.","nvidia.partners",[570],{"_77":571,"_366":568,"_367":30,"_167":401},"edge","github.com",[574,575],{"_77":578,"_366":572,"_367":30,"_167":577},{"_77":576,"_366":572,"_367":30,"_167":577},"logged_in","This domain is owned by Github. 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We have categorized it under Functionality because it is necessary for the operation of our affiliate program.","nv.modal.cuda","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal popup functionality on NVIDIA's website, possibly to remember user preferences or interactions with the modal.","readme_library","docs.api.nvidia.com","_im_ses.1006927","geo_locator","nv.modal.deepstream","openedx-language-preference","learn.nvidia.com","doxygen_width","raytracing-docs.nvidia.com","This cookie is likely used to remember the width preferences of a sidebar or interface element within a documentation platform like Doxygen.","_sfid_eb78","This cookie is categorized as Functionality Cookie.","_im_id.1006927","_hjUserAttributesHash","docs.nvidia.com","This cookie name is associated with Hotjar which is used to know when any user attribute has changed and needs to be updated.","mbox","Cookie set by Adobe SiteCatalyst analytics software - used for measuring the performance of page content using A/B split testing","nv.modal.cudnn","This cookie name suggests it is related to modal popup handling or user interface preferences on NVIDIA's website, specifically for the cuDNN library section.","readme_language","nv.modal.hpc","This cookie name suggests it is related to a modal pop-up on a website, possibly to control the display of a high-priority cookie notice or other important information to the user.","at_check","Used by Adobe Target to check if cookies are enabled/supported on the browser","_biz_uid","This cookie is used to record website and server performance with each visit to the site. The data is aggregated and analyzed; therefore, it remains anonymous upon use.\n","nvHeadless","This cookie is likely used to track if a user is using the site in a 'headless' non-GUI mode, which could be for accessibility reasons or for automated processes.","_biz_nA","C0002","Performance Cookies","These cookies are used to provide quantitative measures of our website visitors, such as the number of times you visit, time on page, your mouse movements, scrolling, clicks and keystroke activity on the websites; other browsing, search, or product research behavior; and what brought you to our site. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. Information collected with these cookies is used to measure and find ways to improve website 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