This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

Developed by NVIDIA, GPUNet differs from the current ConvNets in three aspects:

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Designed by AI: we built an AI agent to establish SOTA GPUNet out of our years of research in Neural Architecture Search. Powered by Selene supercomputer, our AI agent can automatically orchestrate hundreds of GPUs to meticulously trade-off sophisticated design decisions w.r.t multiple design goals without intervening by the domain experts.
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Co-designed with NVIDIA TensorRT and GPU: GPUNet only considers the most relevant factors to the model accuracy and the TensorRT inference latency, promoting GPU friendly operators (for example, larger filters) over memory-bound operators (for example, fancy activations), therefore delivering the SOTA GPU latency and the accuracy on ImageNet.
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TensorRT deployment-ready: All the GPUNet reported latencies are after the optimization from TensorRT, including kernel fusion, quantization, etc., so GPUNet is directly deployable to users.
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Because of better design trade-off and hardware and software co-design, GPUNet has established new SOTA latency and accuracy Pareto frontier on ImageNet. Specifically, GPUNet is up to 2x faster than EfficentNet, EfficientNet-X and FBNetV3. Our CVPR-2022 paper provides extensive evaluation results aginsts other networks.

Model architecture

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The above table describes the general structure of GPUNet, which consists of 8 stages, and we search for the configurations of each stage. The layers within a stage share the same configurations. The first two stages are to search for the head configurations using convolutions. Inspired by EfficientNet-V2, the 2 and 3 stages use Fused Inverted Residual Blocks(IRB); however, we observed the increasing latency after replacing the rest IRB with Fused-IRB. Therefore, from stages 4 to 7, we use IRB as the primary layer. The column #Layers shows the range of #Layers in the stage, for example, [3, 10] at stage 4 means that the stage can have three to 10 IRBs, and the column filters shows the range of filters for the layers in the stage. We also tuned the expansion ratio, activation types, kernel sizes, and the Squeeze Excitation(SE) layer inside the IRB/Fused-IRB. Finally, the dimensions of the input image increased from 224 to 512 at step 32.

GPUNet has provided seven specific model architectures at different latencies. You can easily query the architecture details from the JSON formatted model (for example, those in eval.py). The following figure describes GPUNet-0, GPUNet-1, and GPUNet-2 in the paper. Note that only the first IRB's stride is two and the stride of the rest IRBs is 1 in stages 2, 3, 4, and 6.

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Default configuration

Training features:\n
- Customize the training pipeline in Timm to support the distillation.\n
  - Here provides an example of training hyper-parameters with distillation.
  \n
- All the features in Timm, including\n
  - Random data augmentation, mean = 9, std = 0.5.
  - Exponential Moving Average (EMA).
  - Rmsproptf optimizer.
  - Multi-GPU training.
  - Automatic mixed precision (AMP).
  - GPUNet can be further improved with other training hacks such as Mixup or drop path regularization. More hacks are available at Timm.
  \n
- The exact training hyper-parameters to reproduce the GPUNet results can be found here.
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Inference features:\n
- Test the accuracy of pre-trained GPUNet.
- Save GPUNet to the ONNX files for the latency benchmarking.
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Feature support matrix

This model supports the following features:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Feature	GPUNet
Multi-GPU training	✓
Automatic mixed precision (AMP)	✓
Distillation	✓

Features

Multi-GPU training: we re-use the same training pipeline from Timm to train GPUNet. Timm has adopted NCCL to optimize the multi-GPU training efficiency.

Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP): mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speed-up by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network.

Timm supports AMP by default and only requires the '--amp' flag to enable the AMP training.

Distillation: originally introduced in Hinton's seminal paper, knowledge distillation uses a larger and better teacher network to supervise the training of a student network in addition to the ground truth. Generally the final accuracy of a student network is better than the training without a teacher; for example, ~+2% on ImageNet.

We customized Timm to support the distillation. The teacher model can be any model supported by Timm. We demonstrate the usage of distillation in Training with distillation.

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For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference.\n\n### Changelog\n\nMay 2022\n- Initial release\n\n### Known issues\nThere are no known issues with this model.","hasReleaseNotes","setup","The following section lists the requirements you need to meet to start training the GPUNet.\n\n### Requirements\n\nThis repository contains a Dockerfile that extends the PyTorch NGC container and encapsulates all dependencies. You also need the following components to get started:\n- [NVIDIA Docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker)\n- [ImageNet 1K dataset](https://image-net.org/download.php)\n- Supported GPUs:\n * [NVIDIA Volta architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/volta-gpu-architecture/)\n * [NVIDIA Turing architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/design-visualization/technologies/turing-architecture/)\n * [NVIDIA Ampere architecture](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/nvidia-ampere-gpu-architecture/)\n \nFor more information about how to get started with NGC containers, refer tothe following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning\nDGX Documentation:\n* [Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-getting-started-guide/index.html)\n* [Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dgx/user-guide/index.html#accessing_registry)\n* [Running PyTorch](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/pytorch-release-notes/running.html#running)","hasSetup","quickStartGuide","This repo allows a user to easily train GPUNet, reproduce our results, test the accuracy of pre-trained checkpoints, and benchmark GPUNet latency. For customizing GPUNet, refer to [Model customization](#model-customization).\n\n1. To get started, clone the repo:\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples\ncd DeepLearningExamples/PyTorch/Classification/GPUNet\n```\n\n2. Download ImageNet from the [offical website](https://image-net.org/download-images). Recursively unzip the dataset, and locate the train and val folders. Refer to [Prepare the dataset](#prepare-the-dataset) for more details.\n\n3. Build and run the GPUNet PyTorch container, assuming you have installed the docker.\n```\ndocker build -t gpunet .\ndocker run --gpus all -it --rm --network=host --shm-size 600G --ipc=host -v /path/to/imagenet:/root/data/imagenet/ gpunet\n```\n\n### Prepare the Dataset\n\n1. [Download the ImageNet](http://image-net.org/download-images).\n\n2. Extract the training data:\n ```bash\n mkdir train && mv ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar train/ && cd train\n tar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar && rm -f ILSVRC2012_img_train.tar\n find . -name \"*.tar\" | while read NAME ; do mkdir -p \"${NAME%.tar}\"; tar -xvf \"${NAME}\" -C \"${NAME%.tar}\"; rm -f \"${NAME}\"; done\n cd ..\n ```\n\n3. Extract the validation data and move the images to subfolders:\n ```bash\n mkdir val && mv ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar val/ && cd val && tar -xvf ILSVRC2012_img_val.tar\n wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/soumith/imagenetloader.torch/master/valprep.sh | bash\n ```\n\nThe directory where the `train/` and `val/` directories are placed is referred to as `/path/to/imagenet/` in this document.\n\n### Training\n\nWe have provided the [training launch scripts](./train_params) for you to reproduce the GPUNet accuracy by training from scratch. For example, a user can copy the launch script in GPUNet-0.train.params or the training hyper-parameters below to reproduce the accuracy.\n\nGPUNet training hyperparameters:\n\n1. GPUNet-0 \n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_0 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate .97 --opt rmsproptf -b 192 --epochs 450 --opt-eps .001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr .06 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill False --crop-pct 1.0 --img-size 320 --amp\n```\n\n2. GPUNet-1\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_1 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate .97 --opt rmsproptf -b 192 --epochs 450 --opt-eps .001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr .06 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill False --crop-pct 1.0 --img-size 288 --amp\n```\n\n3. GPUNet-2\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_2 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate .97 --opt rmsproptf -b 192 --epochs 450 --opt-eps .001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr .06 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill False --crop-pct 1.0 --img-size 384 --amp\n```\n\n4. GPUNet-D1 with distillation\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_d1 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate .97 --opt rmsproptf -b 192 --epochs 450 --opt-eps .001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr .06 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill True --crop-pct 1.0 --img-size 456 --amp --test-teacher False --teacher tf_efficientnet_b5_ns --teacher-img-size 456\n```\n\n5. GPUNet-D2 with distillation\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_d2 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate .97 --opt rmsproptf -b 128 --epochs 450 --opt-eps .001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr .06 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill True --crop-pct 1.0 --img-size 528 --amp --test-teacher False --teacher tf_efficientnet_b6_ns --teacher-img-size 528\n```\n\n6. GPUNet-P0 with distillation\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_p0 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate 0.97 --opt rmsproptf -b 256 --epochs 450 --opt-eps 0.001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr 0.08 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill True --crop-pct 0.875 --img-size 224 --amp --test-teacher False --teacher tf_efficientnet_b2 --teacher-img-size 260\n```\n\n7. GPUNet-P1 with distillation\n```\n./train.sh 8 /root/data/imagenet/ --model gpunet_p1 --sched step --decay-epochs 2.4 --decay-rate 0.97 --opt rmsproptf -b 256 --epochs 450 --opt-eps 0.001 -j 8 --warmup-lr 1e-6 --weight-decay 1e-5 --drop 0.3 --drop-connect 0.2 --model-ema --model-ema-decay 0.9999 --aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 --remode pixel --reprob 0.2 --lr 0.08 --num-classes 1000 --enable-distill True --crop-pct 0.875 --img-size 224 --amp --test-teacher False --teacher tf_efficientnet_b2 --teacher-img-size 260\n```\n\nYou need to call train.sh to start the training, and here is an example of arguments to train.sh.\n```\n./train.sh 8 >>launch with 8 GPUs.\n/root/data/imagenet/ >>path to the imagenet.\n--model gpunet_d1 >>name of GPUNet.\n--sched step >>stepwise learning rate scheduler.\n--decay-epochs 2.4 >>epoch interval to decay LR.\n--decay-rate .97 >>LR decay rate (default: 0.1).\n--opt rmsproptf >>optimizer.\n-b 192 >>batch size.\n--epochs 450 >>total training epochs.\n--opt-eps .001 >>optimizer epsilon.\n-j 8 >>the number of threads for data loader.\n--lr .06 >>learning rate.\n--warmup-lr 1e-6 >>warmup learning rate.\n--weight-decay 1e-5 >>weight-decay rate.\n--drop 0.3 >>dropout rate.\n--drop-connect 0.2 >>drop connect rate.\n--model-ema >>enable tracking moving average of model weights.\n--model-ema-decay 0.9999 >>decay factor for model weights moving average (default: 0.9998).\n--aa rand-m9-mstd0.5 >>using the random augmentation.\n--remode pixel >>random erase mode.\n--reprob 0.2 >>random erase prob.\n--num-classes 1000 >>the number of output classes.\n--amp >>enable the amp training.\n--crop-pct 1.0 >>input image center crop percent.\n--output ./output/ >>path to output folder.\n--img-size 456 >>image size for the student model, i.e., gpunet_d1.\n--enable-distill True >>to turn on/off the distillation.\n--test-teacher False >>to test the accuracy of teacher model\n--teacher tf_efficientnet_b5 >>the name of teacher model\n--teacher-img-size 456 >>the image size to the teacher model. Note the student and teacher may have different image resolutions.\n```\n\n#### Training with distillation\nWe recommend running the distillation on a GPU with large DRAM; for example, 80G A100, since it needs to fit another teacher network.\n\n- The following describes the usage of distillation.\n * --enable-distill [Boolean]\n * Enable or disable distillation.\n * --teacher [String]\n * Specify the name of the teacher model from Timm. You can find the full list of teacher models [here](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/master/results/results-imagenet.csv), and you can pick any models from the model column. We expect the teacher model to be larger and better than the selected GPUNet.\n * --teacher-img-size [Int]\n * Specify the image resolution to the teacher model. The teacher model may use a larger resolution, and you can find the teacher's resolution from the column img_size to the selected teacher. Internally we use one data loader for both the teacher and student models, and we downsample an image batch with the teacher's resolution to the student's resolution using [Interpolation](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.functional.interpolate.html).\n\n### Inference\n\nWe also allow a user to evaluate the accuracy of pre-trained GPUNet checkpoints and benchmark the model's TensorRT latency. For evaluating GPUNet on a custom dataset, refer to [Train on your data](#train-on-your-data).\n\n#### Evaluate the pre-trained GPUNet checkpoints\nIn the `eval.py`, we have listed seven configurations to the released GPUNet models in the table below.\n\n| batch | Distillation | GPU | Latency | \n|-----------|---------------|---------------------|----------|\n| 1 | No | GV100 | 0.65ms | \n| 1 | No | GV100 | 0.85ms | \n| 1 | No | GV100 | 1.75ms | \n| 1 | Yes | GV100 | 0.5ms-D |\n| 1 | Yes | GV100 | 0.8ms-D | \n| 1 | Yes | GV100 | 1.25ms-D | \n| 1 | Yes | GV100 | 2.25ms-D |\n\nA user can easily evaluate the accuracy of a pre-trained checkpoint using the following code:\n\n```\nfrom configs.model_hub import get_configs, get_model_list\nfrom models.gpunet_builder import GPUNet_Builder\n\nmodelJSON, cpkPath = get_configs(batch=1, latency=\"0.65ms\", gpuType=\"GV100\") >>Get the model configurations and checkpoints.\nbuilder = GPUNet_Builder() >>Build an instance of GPUNet constructor.\nmodel = builder.get_model(modelJSON) >>Build the GPUNet based on the model json.\nbuilder.export_onnx(model) >>Export Pytorch model to ONNX for benchmarking the latency.\n\nbuilder.test_model( >>Test the checkpoint accuracy.\n model,\n testBatch=200,\n checkpoint=cpkPath,\n imgRes=(3, model.imgRes, model.imgRes),\n dtype=\"fp16\",\n crop_pct=1,\n val_path=\"/root/data/imagenet/val\",\n)\n```\n\n#### Benchmark the GPUNet latency\nWe will need the ONNX file of the GPUNet model to reproduce the latency. `builder.export_onnx(model)` will export an ONNX file named `gpunet.onnx`. You can get the FP16 latency with the following command:\n```\ntrtexec --onnx=gpunet.onnx --fp16 --workspace=10240\n```\nHere `gpunet.onnx` is configured to benchmark the latency at the batch = 1 to be consistent with the GPUNet [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.00841.pdf). You can also look at the [torch.onnx](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/onnx.html) API to benchmark different settings, such as batch sizes. Finally, we report the median GPUNet compute time; here is an example output of a network with batch=1, latency=0.65ms, gpuType=GV100.\n```\n[04/07/2022-19:40:17] [I] GPU Compute Time: min = 0.554077 ms, max = 0.572388 ms, mean = 0.564606 ms, median = 0.564209 ms, percentile(99%) = 0.570312 ms\n```","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","","hasAdvanced","performance","This section demonstrates the GPUNet training and inference results independently benchmarked by a third party. You can also easily replicate the same results following [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide).\n\n### Results\n\n#### Training Accuracy Results\nWe benchmark the training results following the steps in [Training](#training). This section lists the training results on NVIDIA DGX V100. \n\n##### NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB)\n\n| **Model**|**Batch**| **Epochs** | **GPUs** | **FP32 Top1** | **AMP Top1** | **FP32 (hours)
Train Time** | **AMP (hours)
Train Time** | **Training speedup
(FP32 / AMP)** |\n|:--------:|:------:|:----------:|:--------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|:-------------------:|:-----------------------:|:--------------------------------:|\n| GPUNet-0 |192 | 450 | 8 | 78.90_+/-0.03 | 78.96_+/-0.05 |71.63|46.56| 1.54 x |\n| GPUNet-1 |192 | 450 | 8 | 80.4-_+/-0.03 | 80.5_+/-0.03 |67.5 |43.5 | 1.55 x |\n| GPUNet-2 |192 | 450 | 8 | 82.1-_+/-0.04 | 82.2_+/-0.04 |171 |84.25| 2.03 x |\n\n#### Training performance results\nPlease also follow the steps in [Training](#training) to reproduce the performance results below.\n\n##### NVIDIA DGX V100 (8x V100 32GB)\n \n| **Model** | **GPUs** | **Batch** | FP32
imgs/second | **AMP
imgs/second** | Speedup
(FP32 to AMP) | \n|:---------:|:--------:|:---------:|:-----------:|:--------------------------------:|:------------------------------------------------:|\n| GPUNet-0 | 8 | 192 | 2289 img/s | 3518 img/s | 1.53 x |\n| GPUNet-1 | 8 | 192 | 2415 img/s | 3774 img/s | 1.56 x |\n| GPUNet-2 | 8 | 192 | 948 img/s | 1957 img/s | 2.03 x |\n\n##### NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)\n \n| **Model** | **GPUs** | **Batch** | FP32
imgs/second | **AMP
imgs/second** | Speedup
(TF32 to AMP) | \n|:---------:|:--------:|:---------:|:-----------:|:--------------------------------:|:------------------------------------------------:|\n| GPUNet-2 | 8 | 192 | 2002 img/s | 2690 img/s | 1.34 x |\n| GPUNet-D1 | 8 | 128 | 755 img/s | 844 img/s | 1.11 x |\n\n#### Inference results\nWe benchmark the training results following the steps in [Benchmark the GPUNet latency](#benchmark-the-gpunet-latency). This section lists the inference results on NVIDIA 32G V100 and 80G A100.\n\n##### NVIDIA V100 (32GB)\n\n| **GPUNet** | **Batch** | **GPU** | **TensorRT8 FP16 Latency** | FP16 Latency | Perf Details | ImageNet Top1 |\n|:-----------------:|:--------------:|:--------:|:--------------------------:|:--------------------------:|:------------------------:|:------------:|\n| GPUNet-0 | 1 | V100 | 0.63 ms | 1.82 ms | [here](./triton/065ms) | 78.9 |\n| GPUNet-1 | 1 | V100 | 0.82 ms | 2.75 ms | [here](./triton/085ms) | 80.5 |\n| GPUNet-2 | 1 | V100 | 1.68 ms | 5.50 ms | [here](./triton/175ms) | 82.2 |\n| GPUNet-P0 | 1 | V100 | 0.63 ms | 2.11 ms | [here](./triton/05ms-D) | 80.3 |\n| GPUNet-P1 | 1 | V100 | 0.96 ms | 2.47 ms | [here](./triton/08ms-D) | 81.1 |\n| GPUNet-D1 | 1 | V100 | 1.24 ms | 2.88 ms | [here](./triton/125ms-D) | 82.5 |\n| GPUNet-D2 | 1 | V100 | 2.17 ms | 4.22 ms | [here](./triton/225ms-D) | 83.6 |\n\n##### NVIDIA A100 (80GB)\n\n| **GPUNet** | **Batch** | **GPU** | **TensorRT8 FP16 Latency** | FP16 Latency | Perf Details | ImageNet Top1 |\n|:-----------------:|:--------------:|:--------:|:--------------------------:|:--------------------------:|:------------------------:|:------------:|\n| GPUNet-0 | 1 | A100 | 0.46 ms | 1.46 ms | [here](./triton/065ms) | 78.9 |\n| GPUNet-1 | 1 | A100 | 0.59 ms | 1.81 ms | [here](./triton/085ms) | 80.5 |\n| GPUNet-2 | 1 | A100 | 1.25 ms | 4.03 ms | [here](./triton/175ms) | 82.2 |\n| GPUNet-P0 | 1 | A100 | 0.45 ms | 1.31 ms | [here](./triton/05ms-D) | 80.3 |\n| GPUNet-P1 | 1 | A100 | 0.61 ms | 1.64 ms | [here](./triton/08ms-D) | 81.1 |\n| GPUNet-D1 | 1 | A100 | 0.94 ms | 2.44 ms | [here](./triton/125ms-D) | 82.5 |\n| GPUNet-D2 | 1 | A100 | 1.40 ms | 3.06 ms | [here](./triton/225ms-D) | 83.6 |","hasPerformance",[],{"_86":240,"_114":241,"_115":-5,"_123":35,"_122":35,"_124":239,"_221":91},{"_86":132,"_114":132,"_115":-5,"_123":35,"_122":35,"_124":239,"_221":91},{"_86":29,"_114":29,"_115":-5,"_123":35,"_122":35,"_124":238,"_221":91},[],[],"-","Latest (21.12.1)","nvidia/dle/gpunet_pyt","key","nvidia/dle/resources/gpunet_pyt","resourceId","gpunet_pyt","shortDescription","GPUNet is a new family of Convolutional Neural Networks crafted by NVIDIA AI.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/gpunet-pyt)\n\nDeveloped by NVIDIA, GPUNet differs from the current ConvNets in three aspects:\n- **Designed by AI**: we built an AI agent to establish SOTA GPUNet out of our years of research in Neural Architecture Search. Powered by [Selene](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2020/12/18/nvidia-selene-busy/) supercomputer, our AI agent can automatically orchestrate hundreds of GPUs to meticulously trade-off sophisticated design decisions w.r.t multiple design goals without intervening by the domain experts.\n\n- **Co-designed with NVIDIA TensorRT and GPU**: GPUNet only considers the most relevant factors to the model accuracy and the TensorRT inference latency, promoting GPU friendly operators (for example, larger filters) over memory-bound operators (for example, fancy activations), therefore delivering the SOTA GPU latency and the accuracy on ImageNet.\n\n- **TensorRT deployment-ready**: All the GPUNet reported latencies are after the optimization from TensorRT, including kernel fusion, quantization, etc., so GPUNet is directly deployable to users.\n\n

\n \n

\n\nBecause of better design trade-off and hardware and software co-design, GPUNet has established new SOTA latency and accuracy Pareto frontier on ImageNet. Specifically, GPUNet is up to 2x faster than EfficentNet, EfficientNet-X and FBNetV3. Our CVPR-2022 [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.00841.pdf) provides extensive evaluation results aginsts other networks.\n\n### Model architecture\n

\n \n

\n\nThe above table describes the general structure of GPUNet, which consists of 8 stages, and we search for the configurations of each stage. The layers within a stage share the same configurations. The first two stages are to search for the head configurations using convolutions. Inspired by [EfficientNet-V2](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.00298), the 2 and 3 stages use Fused Inverted Residual Blocks(IRB); however, we observed the increasing latency after replacing the rest IRB with Fused-IRB. Therefore, from stages 4 to 7, we use IRB as the primary layer. The column \\#Layers shows the range of \\#Layers in the stage, for example, [3, 10] at stage 4 means that the stage can have three to 10 IRBs, and the column filters shows the range of filters for the layers in the stage. We also tuned the expansion ratio, activation types, kernel sizes, and the Squeeze Excitation(SE) layer inside the IRB/Fused-IRB. Finally, the dimensions of the input image increased from 224 to 512 at step 32.\n\nGPUNet has provided seven specific model architectures at different latencies. You can easily query the architecture details from the JSON formatted model (for example, those in eval.py). The following figure describes GPUNet-0, GPUNet-1, and GPUNet-2 in the paper. Note that only the first IRB's stride is two and the stride of the rest IRBs is 1 in stages 2, 3, 4, and 6.\n

\n \n

\n\n### Default configuration\n\n* Training features:\n * Customize the training pipeline in [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models) to support the distillation.\n * [Here](./train_params/GPUNet-D1.train.params) provides an example of training hyper-parameters with distillation.\n * All the features in [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models), including\n * Random data augmentation, mean = 9, std = 0.5. \n * Exponential Moving Average (EMA).\n * Rmsproptf optimizer.\n * Multi-GPU training.\n * Automatic mixed precision (AMP).\n * GPUNet can be further improved with other training hacks such as Mixup or drop path regularization. More hacks are available at [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models).\n * The exact training hyper-parameters to reproduce the GPUNet results can be found [here](./train_params). \n* Inference features:\n * Test the accuracy of pre-trained GPUNet.\n * Save GPUNet to the ONNX files for the latency benchmarking.\n\n### Feature support matrix\nThis model supports the following features:\n\n| Feature | GPUNet \n|-----------------------|--------------------------\n|Multi-GPU training | ✓\n|Automatic mixed precision (AMP) | ✓\n|Distillation | ✓ \n\n#### Features\n\n**Multi-GPU training**: we re-use the same training pipeline from [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models) to train GPUNet. Timm has adopted NCCL to optimize the multi-GPU training efficiency.\n\n**Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)**: mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. [Mixed precision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03740) training offers significant computational speed-up by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network.\n\n[Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models) supports AMP by default and only requires the '--amp' flag to enable the AMP training.\n\n**Distillation**: originally introduced in [Hinton's seminal paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.02531.pdf), knowledge distillation uses a larger and better teacher network to supervise the training of a student network in addition to the ground truth. Generally the final accuracy of a student network is better than the training without a teacher; for example, ~+2% on ImageNet.\n\nWe customized [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models) to support the distillation. The teacher model can be any model supported by [Timm](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models). 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These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. 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users logged in across NVIDIA domains.","api.ngc.nvidia.com","This cookie is managed by AWS and is used for load balancing.","bm_so","This cookie name is used to load the site as quickly as possible and to recognize bots using Akamai.","The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. 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It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","This cookie is associated with Akamai and is used to differentiate between traffic from humans and bots.","nv_co","__uxq412__ses.88c1","learn.learn.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.","pctrk","Used to count page views by unauthenticated users against license usage.","bm_s","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl36_uccaptcha","bm_sv","store.nvidia.com","The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. 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21.12.1	1	30.03 KB	January 11, 2023 UTC
21.12.0Selected	1	30.03 KB	September 22, 2022 UTC