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This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from NGC

In the original BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding paper, pre-training is done on Wikipedia and Books Corpus, with state-of-the-art results demonstrated on SQuAD (Stanford Question Answering Dataset) benchmark.

Meanwhile, many works, including BioBERT, SciBERT, NCBI-BERT, ClinicalBERT (MIT), ClinicalBERT (NYU, Princeton), and others at BioNLP'19 workshop, show that additional pre-training of BERT on large biomedical text corpus such as PubMed results in better performance in biomedical text-mining tasks.

This repository provides scripts and recipe to adopt the NVIDIA BERT code-base to achieve state-of-the-art results in the following biomedical text-mining benchmark tasks:

\n
BC5CDR-disease A Named-Entity-Recognition task to recognize diseases mentioned in a collection of 1500 PubMed titles and abstracts (Li et al., 2016)
\n
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BC5CDR-chemical A Named-Entity-Recognition task to recognize chemicals mentioned in a collection of 1500 PubMed titles and abstracts (Li et al., 2016)
\n
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ChemProt A Relation-Extraction task to determine chemical-protein interactions in a collection of 1820 PubMed abstracts (Krallinger et al., 2017)
\n

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Clone the repository.\n\n```bash\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples\ncd DeepLearningExamples/TensorFlow/LanguageModeling/BERT\n```\n\n2. Build the BERT TensorFlow NGC container.\n\n```bash\nbash scripts/docker/build.sh\n```\n\n3. Download and preprocess the PubMed dataset.\n\nTo download and preprocess pre-training data as well as the required vocab files, run the following script:\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/biobert_data_download.sh\n```\n\nDatasets for finetuning for NER can be obtained from this [repository](https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/BLUE_Benchmark/releases/tag/0.1)\nDatasets for finetuning for RE can be obtained from this [repository](https://github.com/arwhirang/recursive_chemprot/tree/master/Demo/tree_LSTM/data)\n\nPlace them both in `/workspace/bert/data/biobert/` to be automatically picked up by our scripts.\n\n4. Start an interactive session in the NGC container to run training/inference.\n\nAfter you build the container image and download the data, you can start an interactive CLI session as follows:\n\n```bash\nbash scripts/docker/launch.sh\n```\n\n5. Download the pre-trained checkpoint, vocabulary, and configuration files.\n\nWe have uploaded checkpoints for fine tuning and pre-training on BioMedical Corpus's on the NGC Model Registry. You can download them directly from the [NGC model catalog](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/models).\n\nPlace our `BioBERT checkpoints` in the `results/` to easily access it in your scripts.\n\n6. Start pre-training.\n\nFrom within the container, you can use the following script to run the 1st phase of the pre-training using cased vocabulary:\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/run_pretraining-pubmed_base_phase_1.sh \n```\n\nFor the 2nd phase of the pre-training, issue:\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/run_pretraining-pubmed_base_phase_2.sh \n```\n\nRefer to (MultiNode Section)[multi-node] for details on utilizing multiple nodes for faster pretraining.\n\n6. Start fine tuning.\n\nThe above pretrained BERT representations can be fine tuned with just one additional output layer for a state-of-the-art biomedical text-mining system.\nFrom within the container, you can use the following script to run fine-training for NER.\n\nNote: The scripts assume you are running on 16 V100 32GB GPUs. If you are running on GPU having less than 32GB memory or fewer GPUs, batch size, learning rate and number of GPUs needs to be adjusted.\n\nFor NER on disease entities:\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-disease.sh \n```\n\nFor NER on chemical entities:\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh \n```\n\nFor relation extraction, issue:\n\n```\nbash biobert/scripts/rel_chemprot.sh \n```\n\n8. Start validation/evaluation.\n\nThe `biobert/scripts/run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh` script runs inference on a checkpoint fine tuned for a specific task and evaluates the validity of predictions on the basis of F1, precision and recall scores.\n\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh \n```\n\nFor FP16 inference for NER on BC5DR Chemical task with XLA using a DGX-2 V100 32G, run:\n```bash\nbash biobert/scripts/run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh ner_bc5cdr-chem /results/model.ckpt base false fp16 true 16\n```\n\nTasks `ner_bc5cdr-chem`, `ner_bc5cdr-disease` and `rel_chemprot` are currently supported.","hasQuickStartGuide","advanced","The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.\n\n### Scripts and sample code\n\nIn addition to BERT TensorFlow files, the most important files added for NER and RE fine tuning tasks are:\n* `run_ner.py` - Serves as an entry point for NER training.\n* `run_re.py` - Serves as an entry point for RE training.\n\nThe `biobert/scripts/` folder encapsulates all the one-click scripts required for running various functionalities supported such as:\n* `ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` - Runs NER training and inference on the BC5CDR Chemical dataset using the `run_ner.py` file.\n* `ner_bc5cdr-disease.sh` - Runs NER training and inference on the BC5CDR Disease dataset using the `run_ner.py` file.\n* `rel_chemprot.sh` - Runs RE training and inference on the ChemProt dataset using the `run_re.py` file.\n* `run_pretraining_pubmed_base_phase_*.sh` - Runs pre-training with LAMB optimizer using the `run_pretraining.py` file in two phases. Phase 1 does training with sequence length = 128. In phase 2, the remaining 10% of the training is done with sequence length = 512.\n* `biobert_data_download.sh` - Downloads the PubMed dataset and Vocab files using files in the `data/` folder.\n* `run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh` - Runs task specific inference using a fine tuned checkpoint.\n\n### Parameters\n\nAside from the options to set hyperparameters, some relevant options to control the behaviour of the `run_ner.py` and `run_re.py` scripts are:\n\n```\n --bert_config_file: The config json file corresponding to the pre-trained BERT model. This specifies the model architecture.\n--vocab_file: The vocabulary file that the BERT model was trained on.\n --output_dir: The output directory where the model checkpoints will be written.\n --[no]do_eval: Whether to run evaluation on the dev set. (default: 'false')\n --[no]do_predict: Whether to run evaluation on the test set. (default: 'false')\n --[no]do_train: Whether to run training. (default: 'false')\n --learning_rate: The initial learning rate for Adam.(default: '5e-06')(a number)\n --max_seq_length: The maximum total input sequence length after WordPiece tokenization. Sequences longer than this will be truncated, and sequences shorter than this will be padded.(default: '384')(an integer)\n --predict_batch_size: Total batch size for predictions.(default: '8')(an integer)\n --train_batch_size: Total batch size for training (default: '8')(an integer)\n --[no]use_fp16: Whether to enable AMP ops.(default: 'false')\n --[no]use_xla: Whether to enable XLA JIT compilation.(default: 'false')\n--init_checkpoint: Initial checkpoint (usually from a pre-trained BERT model).\n--num_train_epochs: Total number of training epochs to perform.(default: '3.0')(a number)\n\n```\n\nNote: When initializing from a checkpoint using `--init_checkpoint` and a corpus of your choice, keep in mind that `bert_config_file` and `vocab_file` should remain unchanged.\n\n### Command-line options\n\nTo see the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the `-h` or `--help` command-line option with the Python file, for example:\n\n```bash\npython run_ner.py --help\npython run_re.py --help\n```\n### Getting the data\n\nFor pre-training BERT, we use the PubMed Dataset. For PubMed, we extract the xml files which are structured as a document level corpus rather than a shuffled sentence level corpus because it is critical to extract long contiguous sentences.\n\nThe next step is to run `create_pretraining_data.py` with the document level corpus as input, which generates input data and labels for the masked language modeling and next sentence prediction tasks. Pre-training can also be performed on any corpus of your choice. The collection of data generation scripts are intended to be modular to allow modifications for additional preprocessing steps or to use additional data. They can hence easily be modified for an arbitrary corpus.\n\nThe preparation of an individual pre-training dataset is described in the `create_biobert_datasets_from_start.sh ` script found in the `data/` folder. The component steps to prepare the datasets are as follows:\n\n1. Data download and extract - the dataset is downloaded and extracted.\n2. Clean and format - document tags, etc. are removed from the dataset. The end result of this step is a `{dataset_name_one_article_per_line}.txt` file that contains the entire corpus. Each line in the text file contains an entire document from the corpus. One file per dataset is created in the `formatted_one_article_per_line` folder.\n3. Sharding - the sentence segmented corpus file is split into a number of smaller text documents. The sharding is configured so that a document will not be split between two shards. Sentence segmentation is performed at this time using NLTK.\n4. TFRecord file creation - each text file shard is processed by the `create_pretraining_data.py` script to produce a corresponding TFRecord file. The script generates input data and labels for masked language modeling and sentence prediction tasks for the input text shard.\n\nFor fine tuning BioBERT for the task of Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction Tasks, we use BC5CDR and Chemprot Datasets. BC5CDR corpus consists of 1500 PubMed articles with 4409 annotated chemicals, 5818 diseases and 3116 chemical-disease interactions.\nChemProt corpus consists of text exhaustively annotated by hand with mentions of chemical compounds/drugs and genes/proteins, as well as 22 different types of compound-protein relations focussing on 5 important relation classes. It was preprocessed following [Lim and Kang](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014134/) guidelines.\n\n#### Dataset guidelines\n\nThe procedure to prepare a text corpus for pre-training is described in the previous section. This section provides additional insight into how exactly raw text is processed so that it is ready for pre-training.\n\nFirst, raw text is tokenized using [WordPiece tokenization](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.08144.pdf). A [CLS] token is inserted at the start of every sequence, and the two sentences in the sequence are separated by a [SEP] token.\n\nNote: BERT pre-training looks at pairs of sentences at a time. A sentence embedding token [A] is added to the first sentence and token [B] to the next.\n\nBERT pre-training optimizes for two unsupervised classification tasks. The first is Masked Language Modelling (Masked LM). One training instance of Masked LM is a single modified sentence. Each token in the sentence has a 15% chance of being replaced by a [MASK] token. The chosen token is replaced with [MASK] 80% of the time, 10% with another random token and the remaining 10% with the same token. The task is then to predict the original token.\n\nThe second task is next sentence prediction. One training instance of BERT pre-training is two sentences (a sentence pair). A sentence pair may be constructed by simply taking two adjacent sentences from a single document, or by pairing up two random sentences with equal probability. The goal of this task is to predict whether or not the second sentence followed the first in the original document.\n\nThe `create_pretraining_data.py` script takes in raw text and creates training instances for both pre-training tasks.\n\n#### Multi-dataset\n\nWe are able to combine multiple datasets into a single dataset for pre-training on a diverse text corpus. Once TFRecords have been created for each component dataset, you can create a combined dataset by adding the directory to `*FILES_DIR` in `run_pretraining_*.sh`. This will feed all matching files to the input pipeline in `run_pretraining.py`. However, in the training process, only one TFRecord file is consumed at a time, therefore, the training instances of any given training batch will all belong to the same source dataset.\n\n### Training process\n\nThe training process consists of two steps: pre-training and fine tuning.\n\n#### Pre-training\n\nBERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations for language representations. The following scripts are to pre-train BERT on PubMed dataset. These scripts are general and can be used for pre-training language representations on additional corpus of biomedical text.\n\nPre-training is performed using the `run_pretraining.py` script along with parameters defined in the `biobert/scripts/run_pretraining_pubmed_base_phase_1.sh` and `biobert/scripts/run_pretraining_pubmed_base_phase_2.sh` scripts.\n\nThe `biobert/scripts/run_pretraining_pubmed_base_phase*.sh` scripts run a job on a single node that trains the BERT-base model from scratch using the PubMed Corpus dataset as training data. By default, the training script:\n- Runs on 16 GPUs\n- Has FP16 precision enabled\n- Is XLA enabled\n- Creates a log file containing all the output\n- Saves a checkpoint every 5000 iterations (keeps only the latest checkpoint) and at the end of training. All checkpoints, evaluation results, and training logs are saved to the `/results` directory (in the container which can be mounted to a local directory).\n- Evaluates the model at the end of each phase\n\n- Phase 1\n - Runs 19531 steps with 1953 warmup steps\n - Sets Maximum sequence length as 128\n - Sets Global Batch size as 64K\n\n- Phase 2\n - Runs 4340 steps with 434 warm-up steps\n - Sets Maximum sequence length as 512\n - Sets Global Batch size as 32K\n - Should start from Phase1's final checkpoint\n\nThese parameters train PubMed with reasonable accuracy on a DGX-2 with 32GB V100 cards.\n\nFor example:\n```bash\nbiobert/scripts/run_pretraining-pubmed_base_phase_1.sh \n```\n\nWhere:\n- `` is per-GPU batch size used for training. Batch size varies with precision, larger batch sizes run more efficiently, but require more memory.\n\n- `` is the default rate of 3.2e-5 is good for global batch size 64k.\n\n- `` is set to `true` or `false` depending on whether the model should be trained on cased or uncased data.\n\n- `` is the type of math in your model, can be either `fp32` or `fp16`. Specifically:\n\n - `fp32` is 32-bit IEEE single precision floats.\n - `fp16` is Automatic rewrite of TensorFlow compute graph to take advantage of 16-bit arithmetic whenever it is safe.\n\n- `` is the number of GPUs to use for training. Must be equal to or smaller than the number of GPUs attached to your node.\n\n- `` is the number of warm-up steps at the start of training.\n\n- `` is the total number of training steps.\n\n- `` controls how often checkpoints are saved. Default is 5000 steps.\n\n- `` is used to mimic higher batch sizes in the respective phase by accumulating gradients N times before weight update.\n\n- `` is used to indicate whether to pretrain BERT Large or BERT Base model.\n\n- `` is per-GPU batch size used for evaluation after training.\n\nThe following sample code trains phase 1 of BERT-base from scratch on a single DGX-2 using FP16 arithmetic and uncased data.\n\n```bash\nbiobert/scripts/run_pretraining-pubmed_base_phase_1.sh 128 3.2e-5 false fp16 true 16 1953 19531 32 5000 80\n```\n\n#### Fine tuning\n\nFine tuning is performed using the `run_ner.py` script along with parameters defined in `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr*.sh`.\n\nFor example, `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` script trains a model and performs evaluation on the BC5CDR Chemical dataset. By default, the training script:\n\n- Trains on BERT Base Uncased Model\n- Uses 16 GPUs and batch size of 8 on each GPU\n- Has FP16 precision enabled\n- Is XLA enabled\n- Runs for 10 epochs\n- Evaluation is done at the end of training. To skip evaluation, modify `--do_eval` and `--do_predict` to `False`.\n\nThis script outputs checkpoints to the `/results` directory, by default, inside the container. Mount point of `/results` can be changed in the `scripts/docker/launch.sh` file. The training log contains information about:\n- Loss for the final step\n- Training and evaluation performance\n- F1, Precision and Recall on the Test Set of BC5CDR Chemical after evaluation.\n\nThe summary after training is printed in the following format:\n```bash\n 0: /results/biobert_finetune_ner_chem_191028154209/test_labels.txt\n 0: /results/biobert_finetune_ner_chem_191028154209/test_labels_errs.txt\n 0: processed 124669 tokens with 5433 phrases; found: 5484 phrases; correct: 5102.\n 0: accuracy: 99.26%; precision: 93.03%; recall: 93.91%; FB1: 93.47\n 0: : precision: 93.03%; recall: 93.91%; FB1: 93.47 5484\n```\n\nMulti-GPU training is enabled with the Horovod TensorFlow module. The following example runs training on 16 GPUs:\n\n```bash\nBERT_DIR=data/download/google_pretrained_weights/uncased_L-12_H-768_A-12\nDATA_DIR=data/biobert/BC5CDR/chem\n\nmpi_command=\"mpirun -np 16 -H localhost:16 \\\n --allow-run-as-root -bind-to none -map-by slot \\\n -x NCCL_DEBUG=INFO \\\n -x LD_LIBRARY_PATH \\\n -x PATH -mca pml ob1 -mca btl ^openib\" \\\n python run_ner.py --horovod --amp --use_xla \\\n --vocab_file=$BERT_DIR/vocab.txt \\\n --bert_config_file=$BERT_DIR/bert_config.json \\\n --output_dir=/results --data_dir=$DATA_DIR\"\n```\n\n#### Multi-node\n\nMulti-node runs can be launched on a pyxis/enroot Slurm cluster (see [Requirements](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow/LanguageModeling/BERT#requirements)) with the `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub` script with the following command for a 4-node DGX2 example for both phase 1 and phase 2:\n\n```bash\nBATCHSIZE=128 LEARNING_RATE='8e-6' NUM_ACCUMULATION_STEPS=8 PHASE=1 sbatch -N4 --ntasks-per-node=16 biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub\nBATCHSIZE=16 LEARNING_RATE='3.2e-5' NUM_ACCUMULATION_STEPS=32 PHASE=1 sbatch -N4 --ntasks-per-node=16 biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub\n```\n\nCheckpoint after phase 1 will be saved in `checkpointdir` specified in `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub`. The checkpoint will be automatically picked up to resume training on phase 2. Note that phase 2 should be run after phase 1.\n\nVariables to re-run the [Training performance results](#training-performance-results) are available in the `configurations.yml` file.\n\nThe batch variables `BATCHSIZE`, `LEARNING_RATE`, `NUM_ACCUMULATION_STEPS` refer to the Python arguments `train_batch_size`, `learning_rate`, `num_accumulation_steps` respectively.\nThe variable `PHASE` refers to phase specific arguments available in `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub`.\n\nNote that the `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub` script is a starting point that has to be adapted depending on the environment. In particular, variables such as `datadir` handle the location of the files for each phase.\n\nRefer to the file contents to see the full list of variables to adjust for your system.\n\n### Inference process\n\nInference on a fine tuned model for Bio Medical tasks is performed using the `run_ner.py` or `run_re.py` script along with parameters defined in `biobert/scripts/run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh`. Inference is supported on a single GPU.\n\nThe `biobert/scripts/run_biobert_finetuning_inference.sh` script performs evaluation on ChemProt or BC5CDR datasets depending on the task specified. By default, the inferencing script:\n\n- Uses BC5CDR Chemical dataset\n- Has FP16 precision enabled\n- Is XLA enabled\n- Evaluates the latest checkpoint present in `/results` with a batch size of 16.\n\nThis script computes F1, Precision and Recall scores. Mount point of `/results` can be changed in the `scripts/docker/launch.sh` file.","hasAdvanced","performance","The performance measurements in this document were conducted at the time of publication and may not reflect the performance achieved from NVIDIA's latest software release. For the most up-to-date performance measurements, go to [NVIDIA Data Center Deep Learning Product Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-performance-training-inference).\n\n### Benchmarking\n\nThe following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference modes.\n\nBoth of these benchmarking scripts enable you to run a number of epochs, extract performance numbers, and run the BERT model for fine tuning.\n\n#### Training performance benchmark\n\nTraining benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n``` bash\nbiobert/scripts/biobert_finetune_training_benchmark.sh \n```\n\nThis script runs 2 epochs by default on the NER BC5CDR dataset and extracts performance numbers for various batch sizes and sequence lengths in both FP16 and FP32. These numbers are saved at `/results/tf_bert_biobert__training_benchmark____num_gpu__`\n\n#### Inference performance benchmark\n\nTraining benchmarking can be performed by running the script:\n``` bash\nbiobert/scripts/biobert_finetune_inference_benchmark.sh \n```\n\nThis script runs inference on the test and dev sets and extracts performance and latency numbers for various batch sizes and sequence lengths in both FP16 with XLA and FP32 without XLA. These numbers are saved at `/results/tf_bert_biobert__training_benchmark____num_gpu__`\n\n### Results\n\nThe following sections provide detailed results of downstream fine-tuning task on NER and RE benchmark tasks.\n\n#### Training accuracy results\n\n##### Pre-training accuracy\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `scripts/run_pretraining_lamb.sh` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container.\n\n| **DGX System** | **Nodes** | **Precision** | **Batch Size/GPU: Phase1, Phase2** | **Accumulation Steps: Phase1, Phase2** | **Time to Train (Hrs)** | **Final Loss** |\n|----------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------|-------------------------|\n| DGX2H | 4 | FP16 | 128, 16 | 8, 32 | 19.14 | 0.88 |\n| DGX2H | 16 | FP16 | 128, 16 | 2, 8 | 4.81 | 0.86 |\n| DGX2H | 32 | FP16 | 128, 16 | 1, 4 | 2.65 | 0.87 |\n| DGX1 | 1 | FP16 | 64, 8 |128,512| 174.58 | 0.87 |\n| DGX1 | 4 | FP16 | 64, 8 |32, 128| 57.71 | 0.85 |\n| DGX1 | 16 | FP16 | 64, 8 |8, 32 | 12.62 | 0.87 |\n| DGX1 | 32 | FP16 | 64, 8 |4, 16 | 6.97 | 0.87 |\n\n##### Fine-tuning accuracy\n\n| **Task** | **F1** | **Precision** | **Recall** |\n|:-------:|:----:|:----:|:----:|\n| NER BC5CDR-chemical | 93.47 | 93.03 | 93.91 |\n| NER BC5CDR-disease | 86.22 | 85.05 | 87.43 |\n| RE Chemprot | 76.27 | 77.62 | 74.98 |\n\n###### Fine-tuning accuracy for NER Chem\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container.\n\n| **DGX System** | **Batch size / GPU** | **F1 - FP32** | **F1- mixed precision** | **Time to Train - FP32 (Minutes)** | **Time to Train - mixed precision (Minutes)** |\n|:---:|:----:|:----:|:---:|:----:|:----:|\n| DGX-1 16G | 64 |93.33|93.40|23.95|14.13|\n| DGX-1 32G | 64 |93.31|93.36|24.35|12.63|\n| DGX-2 32G | 64 |93.66|93.47|12.26|8.16|\n\n#### Training stability test\n\n##### Fine-tuning stability test:\n\nThe following tables compare F1 scores scores across 5 different training runs on the NER Chemical task with different seeds, for both FP16 and FP32. The runs showcase consistent convergence on all 5 seeds with very little deviation.\n\n| **16 x V100 GPUs** | **seed 1** | **seed 2** | **seed 3** | **seed 4** | **seed 5** | **mean** | **std** |\n|:-----------:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|\n| F1 Score (FP16) | 93.13 | 92.92 | 93.34 | 93.66 | 93.47 | 93.3 | 0.29 |\n| F1 Score (FP32) | 93.1 | 93.28 | 93.33 | 93.45 | 93.17 | 93.27 | 0.14 |\n\n#### Training performance results\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16G)\n\n###### Pre-training training performance: multi-node on DGX-1 16G\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container using multiple NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 16G GPUs. Performance (in sentences per second) is the steady state throughput.\n\n| **Nodes** | **Sequence Length**| **Batch size / GPU: mixed precision, FP32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput - FP32** | **Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)** | **Weak scaling - mixed precision** | **Weak scaling - FP32** |\n|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------------:|:------:|:------:|\n| 1 | 128 | 64,32 | 2762.06 | 744.48 | 3.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 128 | 64,32 | 10283.08 | 2762.88 | 3.72 | 3.72 | 3.71 |\n| 16 | 128 | 64,32 | 39051.69 | 10715.14 | 3.64 | 14.14 | 14.39 |\n| 32 | 128 | 64,32 | 76077.39 | 21104.87 | 3.60 | 27.54 | 28.35 |\n| 1 | 512 | 8,8 | 432.33 | 160.38 | 2.70 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 512 | 8,8 | 1593.00 | 604.36 | 2.64 | 3.68 | 3.77 |\n| 16 | 512 | 8,8 | 5941.82 | 2356.44 | 2.52 | 13.74 | 14.69 |\n| 32 | 512 | 8,8 | 11483.73 | 4631.29 | 2.48 | 26.56 | 28.88 |\n\nNote: The respective values for FP32 runs that use a batch size of 16, 2 in sequence lengths 128 and 512 respectively are not available due to out of memory errors that arise.\n\n###### Fine-tuning training performance for NER on DGX-1 16G\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 16G GPUs. Performance (in sentences per second) is the mean throughput from 2 epochs.\n\n| **GPUs** | **Batch size / GPU** | **Throughput - FP32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)** | **Weak scaling - FP32** | **Weak scaling - mixed precision** |\n|:---:|:---:|:------:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|\n| 1 | 64 | 147.71 | 348.84 | 2.36 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 64 | 583.78 | 1145.46 | 1.96 | 3.95 | 3.28 |\n| 8 | 64 | 981.22 | 1964.85 | 2.00 | 6.64 | 5.63 |\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide) outlined above.\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 32G)\n\n###### Fine-tuning training performance for NER on DGX-1 32G\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 32G GPUs. Performance (in sentences per second) is the mean throughput from 2 epochs.\n\n| **GPUs** | **Batch size / GPU** | **Throughput - FP32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)** | **Weak scaling - FP32** | **Weak scaling - mixed precision** |\n|:---:|:---:|:------:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|\n| 1 | 64 | 144.1 | 417.39 | 2.89 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 64 | 525.15 | 1354.14 | 2.57 | 3.64 | 3.24 |\n| 8 | 64 | 969.4 | 2341.39 | 2.41 | 6.73 | 5.61 |\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide) outlined above.\n\n##### Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-2 (16x V100 32G)\n\n###### Pre-training training performance: multi-node on DGX-2H 32G\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/run_biobert.sub` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container using multiple NVIDIA DGX-2H with 16x V100 32G GPUs. Performance (in sentences per second) is the steady state throughput.\n\n| **Nodes** | **Sequence Length**| **Batch size / GPU: mixed precision, FP32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput - FP32** | **Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)** | **Weak scaling - mixed precision** | **Weak scaling - FP32** |\n|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------------:|:------:|:------:|\n| 1 | 128 | 128,128 | 7772.18 | 2165.04 | 3.59 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 128 | 128,128 | 29785.31 | 8516.90 | 3.50 | 3.83 | 3.93 |\n| 16 | 128 | 128,128 | 115581.29 | 33699.15 | 3.43 | 14.87 | 15.57 |\n| 32 | 128 | 128,128 | 226156.53 | 66996.73 | 3.38 | 29.10 | 30.94 |\n| 64 | 128 | 128,128 | 444955.74 | 133424.95 | 3.33 | 57.25 | 61.63 |\n| 1 | 512 | 16,16 | 1260.06 | 416.92 | 3.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 512 | 16,16 | 4781.19 | 1626.76 | 2.94 | 3.79 | 3.90 |\n| 16 | 512 | 16,16 | 18405.65 | 6418.09 | 2.87 | 14.61 | 15.39 |\n| 32 | 512 | 16,16 | 36071.06 | 12713.67 | 2.84 | 28.63 | 30.49 |\n| 64 | 512 | 16,16 | 69950.86 | 25245.96 | 2.77 | 55.51 | 60.55 |\n\n###### Fine-tuning training performance for NER on DGX-2 32G\n\nOur results were obtained by running the `biobert/scripts/ner_bc5cdr-chem.sh` training script in the TensorFlow 19.08-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-2 with 16x V100 32G GPUs. Performance (in sentences per second) is the mean throughput from 2 epochs.\n\n| **GPUs** | **Batch size / GPU** | **Throughput - FP32** | **Throughput - mixed precision** | **Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)** | **Weak scaling - FP32** | **Weak scaling - mixed precision** |\n|:---:|:---:|:------:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|\n| 1 | 64 | 139.59 | 475.54 | 3.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |\n| 4 | 64 | 517.08 | 1544.01 | 2.98 | 3.70 | 3.25 |\n| 8 | 64 | 1009.84 | 2695.34 | 2.66 | 7.23 | 5.67 |\n| 16 | 64 | 1997.73 | 4268.81 | 2.13 | 14.31 | 8.98 |\n\nTo achieve these same results, follow the [Quick Start Guide](#quick-start-guide) outlined above.","hasPerformance","policies",[],{"_76":21,"_78":198,"_169":-5,"_175":31,"_177":31,"_193":197,"_180":86},{"_76":23,"_78":23,"_169":-5,"_175":31,"_177":31,"_193":197,"_180":86},[],"Latest (20.06.0)","nvidia/dle/bert_bio_tf1","key","nvidia/dle/resources/bert_bio_tf1","resourceType","resources","resourceId","bert_bio_tf1","shortDescription","BERT for biomedical text-mining.","This resource is using open-source code maintained in github (see the quick-start-guide section) and available for download from [NGC](https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/dle/resources/bert-tf1)\n\n\nIn the original [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805) paper, pre-training is done on [Wikipedia](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/) and [Books Corpus](http://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), with state-of-the-art results demonstrated on [SQuAD](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) (Stanford Question Answering Dataset) benchmark.\n\nMeanwhile, many works, including [BioBERT](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.08746.pdf), [SciBERT](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.10676.pdf), [NCBI-BERT](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05474.pdf), [ClinicalBERT (MIT)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.03323.pdf), [ClinicalBERT (NYU, Princeton)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.05342.pdf), and others at [BioNLP'19 workshop](https://aclweb.org/aclwiki/BioNLP_Workshop), show that additional pre-training of BERT on large biomedical text corpus such as [PubMed](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) results in better performance in biomedical text-mining tasks.\n\nThis repository provides scripts and recipe to adopt the [NVIDIA BERT code-base](https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/tree/master/TensorFlow/LanguageModeling/BERT) to achieve state-of-the-art results in the following biomedical text-mining benchmark tasks:\n\n- [BC5CDR-disease](https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/) A Named-Entity-Recognition task to recognize diseases mentioned in a collection of 1500 PubMed titles and abstracts ([Li et al., 2016](https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baw068/2630414))\n\n- [BC5CDR-chemical](https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/) A Named-Entity-Recognition task to recognize chemicals mentioned in a collection of 1500 PubMed titles and abstracts ([Li et al., 2016](https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baw068/2630414))\n\n- [ChemProt](https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/news/corpora/) A Relation-Extraction task to determine chemical-protein interactions in a collection of 1820 PubMed abstracts ([Krallinger et al., 2017](https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/media/store/files/2017/ProceedingsBCVI_v2.pdf?page=141))","displayName","BioBERT for TensorFlow1",["D",1680632636951],"publisher","NVIDIA Deep Learning 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We and our advertising partners will use this information to make our websites and the advertising displayed on it, more relevant to your interests.",5,[474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508],[347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363],{"_364":470,"_209":470,"_167":182,"_337":471},{"_364":465,"_209":465,"_167":182,"_337":466},{"_364":461,"_209":461,"_167":182,"_337":462},{"_364":456,"_209":456,"_167":182,"_337":457},{"_364":451,"_209":451,"_167":182,"_337":452},{"_364":439,"_209":439,"_167":182,"_337":440},{"_364":427,"_209":427,"_167":182,"_337":428},{"_364":422,"_209":422,"_167":182,"_337":423},{"_364":411,"_209":411,"_167":182,"_337":412},{"_364":406,"_209":406,"_167":182,"_337":407},{"_364":401,"_209":401,"_167":182,"_337":402},{"_364":396,"_209":396,"_167":182,"_337":397},{"_364":391,"_209":391,"_167":182,"_337":392},{"_364":386,"_209":386,"_167":182,"_337":387},{"_364":381,"_209":381,"_167":182,"_337":382},{"_364":374,"_209":374,"_167":182,"_337":375},{"_364":365,"_209":365,"_167":182,"_337":366},"hostName","amazon-adsystem.com",[367,368],{"_78":373,"_370":365,"_371":31,"_167":372},{"_78":369,"_370":365,"_371":31,"_167":372},"ad-privacy","host","isSession","This domain is owned by online retailer Amazon and is used as part of its affiliate marketing programme.","ad-id","doubleclick.net",[376,377],{"_78":380,"_370":374,"_371":31,"_167":379},{"_78":378,"_370":374,"_371":31,"_167":379},"IDE","This domain is owned by Doubleclick (Google). The main business activity is: Doubleclick is Googles real time bidding advertising exchange","test_cookie","bing.com",[383],{"_78":384,"_370":381,"_371":31,"_167":385},"MUID","This domain is owned by Mircosoft - it is the site for the search engine Bing.","assets.adobedtm.com",[388],{"_78":389,"_370":386,"_371":31,"_167":390},"kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_consent","If you know anything about this host and its uses please add your contributions here. ","tiktok.com",[393],{"_78":394,"_370":391,"_371":31,"_167":395},"_ttp","TikTok is a social media platform owned by ByteDance, known for short-form video sharing. The service is used to create and share videos, and it utilizes cookies for various purposes including advertising and analytics.","t.co",[398],{"_78":399,"_370":396,"_371":31,"_167":400},"muc_ads","This domain is owned by Twitter. It is used as a URL shortening service, which allows Twitter to collect data on how links are shared.","snowplow.com",[403],{"_78":404,"_370":401,"_371":31,"_167":405},"sp","Testing","google.com",[408],{"_78":409,"_370":406,"_371":31,"_167":410},"NID","This domain is owned by Google Inc. Although Google is primarily known as a search engine, the company provides a diverse range of products and services. Its main source of revenue however is advertising. Google tracks users extensively both through its own products and sites, and the numerous technologies embedded into many millions of websites around the world. It uses the data gathered from most of these services to profile the interests of web users and sell advertising space to organisations based on such interest profiles as well as aligning adverts to the content on the pages where its customer's adverts appear.","tags.srv.stackadapt.com",[413,414,415,416],{"_78":421,"_370":411,"_371":31,"_167":418},{"_78":420,"_370":411,"_371":31,"_167":418},{"_78":419,"_370":411,"_371":31,"_167":418},{"_78":417,"_370":411,"_371":31,"_167":418},"sa-user-id-v3","This domain is associated with StackAdapt, a platform for programmatic advertising, which suggests that it is used for targeting and advertising purposes.","sa-user-id","sa-user-id-v2","sa-user-id-v4","linkedin.com",[424],{"_78":425,"_370":422,"_371":31,"_167":426},"bcookie","This domain is owned by LinkedIn, the business networking platform. It typically acts as a third party host where website owners have placed one of its content sharing buttons in their pages, although its content and services can be embedded in other ways. Although such buttons add functionality to the website they are on, cookies are set regardless of whether or not the visitor has an active Linkedin profile, or agreed to their terms and conditions. For this reason it is classified as a primarily tracking/targeting domain.","twitter.com",[429,430,431,432],{"_78":438,"_370":427,"_371":31,"_167":434},{"_78":436,"_370":427,"_371":31,"_167":437},{"_78":435,"_370":427,"_371":31,"_167":434},{"_78":433,"_370":427,"_371":31,"_167":434},"personalization_id","This domain is owned by Twitter. The main business activity is: Social Networking Services. Where twitter acts as a third party host, it collects data through a range of plug-ins and integrations, that is primarily used for tracking and targeting.","guest_id_marketing","guest_id","Twitter does not currently provide information on the use of specific cookies.","guest_id_ads","youtube.com",[441,442,443,444],{"_78":450,"_370":439,"_371":31,"_167":448},{"_78":449,"_370":439,"_371":31,"_167":448},{"_78":447,"_370":439,"_371":31,"_167":448},{"_78":445,"_370":439,"_371":31,"_167":446},"VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","This cookie is used as a unique identifier to track viewing of videos","__Secure-YNID","YouTube is a Google owned platform for hosting and sharing videos. 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These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",[596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616],[561,562,563,564,565],{"_364":456,"_209":456,"_167":182,"_337":587},{"_364":422,"_209":422,"_167":182,"_337":582},{"_364":575,"_209":575,"_167":182,"_337":576},{"_364":571,"_209":571,"_167":182,"_337":572},{"_364":566,"_209":566,"_167":182,"_337":567},"nvcrm.my.site.com",[568],{"_78":569,"_370":566,"_371":31,"_167":570},"BrowserId","If you know anything about this cookie and its uses that are not specific to a particular site please add your contributions.","nvidia.partners",[573],{"_78":574,"_370":571,"_371":31,"_167":405},"edge","github.com",[577,578],{"_78":581,"_370":575,"_371":31,"_167":580},{"_78":579,"_370":575,"_371":31,"_167":580},"logged_in","This domain is owned by Github. 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This cookie is used to distinguish unique users by assigning a randomly generated number as a client identifier. It is included in each page request in a site and used to calculate visitor, session and campaign data for the sites analytics reports. By default it is set to expire after 2 years, although this is customisable by website owners.","research.nvidia.com","_uetvid","This is a cookie utilised by Microsoft Bing Ads and is a tracking cookie. It allows us to engage with a user that has previously visited our website.","s_pltp","This cookie is typically associated with Adobe Analytics (formerly SiteCatalyst). It is used to identify the previous link clicked within the site, which helps in analyzing site usage patterns.","s_ecid","Adobe Analytics cookie containing the the Adobe Experience Cloud 1st party visitor id if the Analytics AMCV visitor id is not found.","This cookie name is used as a long-lived unique identifier of the visitor on the website. It is either correlated to the 6suuid or a unique value, and can be changed during the lifetime of this cookie.This cookie contains no identifying information and is used for diagnostic purposes by Impact Radius, a service we use to track signup commissions for our affiliate program. We have categorized it under Functionality because it is necessary for the operation of our affiliate program.","s_ips","This cookie is associated with Adobe Analytics. The cookie is used for measuring a visitor’s scroll activity to see how much of a page they view before moving on to another page.","_gd_session","tp","This cookie is associated with Adobe Analytics site tracking. It registers if the website's scroll-depth detection is active. 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As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\nThis is a CloudFoundry cookie","OptanonConsent","nvid.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by the cookie compliance solution from OneTrust. It stores information about the categories of cookies the site uses and whether visitors have given or withdrawn consent for the use of each category. This enables site owners to prevent cookies in each category from being set in the users browser, when consent is not given. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year, so that returning visitors to the site will have their preferences remembered. It contains no information that can identify the site visitor.","events.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","sessionid","This is a very generic cookie name that may have different purposes on different sites, but generally it will be some kind of anonymous session identifier.","_csrf","This cookie is used to prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks, ensuring that each request made to the server is from the user's browser and is intentional.","enterprise-support.nvidia.com","Used to apply end-user cookie consent preferences set by our client-side utility.Custom- Short Duration. Unique ID of an Enquiry- used to validate access to case, and load exisiting data.\n","renderCtx","academicgrants.nvidia.com","Used to store site parameters in the session for reuse across requests by a single client for functionality and performance reasons.","ph_phc_yQgAEdJJkVpI24NdSRID2mor1x1leRpDoC9yZ9mfXal_posthog","The PostHog ph_phc_xxx cookie is a session cookie used for identifying and tracking visitors on websites, helping us understand user behavior and website performance.","This cookie is managed by AWS and is used for load balancing.Used to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","This cookie is associated with Akamai and is used to differentiate between traffic from humans and bots.","OptanonAlertBoxClosed","docs.ngc.nvidia.com","This cookie is set by websites using certain versions of the cookie law compliance solution from OneTrust. It is set after visitors have seen a cookie information notice and in some cases only when they actively close the notice down. It enables the website not to show the message more than once to a user. The cookie has a normal lifespan of one year and contains no personal information.","nv_co","__uxq412__ses.88c1","investor.nvidia.com","learn.learn.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with the Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancing functionality for routing client request on the server.","pctrk","Used to count page views by unauthenticated users against license usage.","bm_s","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl36_uccaptcha","bm_sv","store.nvidia.com","The __cf_bm cookie is a cookie necessary to support Cloudflare Bot Management, currently in private beta. As part of our bot management service, this cookie helps manage incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots.\n","This cookie name is used by DataDog to determine if cookies are supported on the website.dd_cookie_test","AMP_TLDTEST_xxxxxxxx","SESSlsd","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier used to maintain user session state across page requests.","mboxEdgeCluster","This cookie name is associated with Adobe Target which is used to communicate the correct edge cluster to at.js so that Target profiles can stay in sync as users navigate across a site.","_biz_pendingA","_rdt_em","This cookie name is associated with Reddit which is used to manage session state and user interactions.","megaNavCollapsed","_abck","The _abck cookie is associated with Akamai's Bot Manager, which is used to prevent fraud and abuse by safeguarding online interactions and detecting irregularities that could suggest malicious activity, such as bot-driven attacks or hacking attempts.","AMP_TEST","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.","idccsrf","This cookie name is associated with Salesforce which is used to track CrossSiteRequestForgery validation for certain single sign-on (SSO) flows.","_biz_flagsA","This cookie is used to remember users' settings as well as for authentication and analytics.","ApplicationGatewayAffinity","partners.nvidia.com","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure the user has a consistent experience.","AMP_TEST_xxxxxxxx","bm_lso","This cookie name is associated with Akamai which is used to load the site as quickly as possible and to recognize bots.","SSESS###########","This cookie is likely to be a session cookie used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server in a secure environment, often seen in sites built with the Drupal content management system.","nvdeveloper.nvidia.com","__uxq412__id.88c1","QueueITAccepted-SDFrts345E-V3_{eventId}","TEST_AMCV_COOKIE_WRITE","This cookie is used to test whether cookies are enabled in the browser. It is a temporary cookie used to determine if the browser accepts cookies.","session","This cookie is typically used to maintain an anonymized user session by the server.","XSRF-TOKEN","This cookie is written to help with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.This cookie helps with site security in preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.","AWS ELB application load balancer","This cookie is associated with Akamai. It is used to analyse traffic to determine if it is automated traffic generated by bots or a human user.","bpazaws52gukakzc__ctrl0_ctl78_list_ctl09_systemcaptcha","PHPSESSID","PHP session cookie associated with embedded content from this domain.\n","base.manager.learn.nvidia.com","login_session","bm_ss","This cookie is used to help protect websites from automated bot traffic.","AWS ELB application load balancerUsed to attribute commission to affiliates when you arrive at the website from an affiliate referral link. It is set when you click on one of our links and used to let the advertiser and us know the website from which you came.","_devzone_session","This cookie is likely used to maintain a user session on the website by the server. It is common for session identifiers to be used to keep users logged in and track their interaction with the site during a session.","_cs_c","The cookie is used by Content Square to save the user consent to be tracked.","bm_sz","This cookie is used by Akamai to optimize site performance and security. It is typically associated with the delivery of web content and services.","vcalliance.nvidia.com","ASP.NET_SessionId","General purpose platform session cookie, used by sites written with Microsoft .NET based technologies. Usually used to maintain an anonymised user session by the server.","com.adobe.alloy.getTld","This cookie name is associated with the Adobe WebSDK which is used to determine the top-most domain that can accept cookies.","ApplicationGatewayAffinityCORS","This cookie is used to maintain a user session by the server in a load balanced environment, to ensure all requests from a user during the session are sent to the same server.","This cookie name AMP_TEST is used for internal analytics by the website operator, necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function, and to check whether the cookie storage is working properly.Supports Amplitude product analytics.","SESSls","This cookie is likely to be a session identifier, used to maintain a user's session state across page requests.","AMP_TLDTEST","c_code","BIGipServerx","This cookie name is associated with the BIG-IP product suite from company F5. Usually associated with managing sessions on load balanced servers, to ensure user requests are routed consistently to the correct server. The common root is BIGipServer most commonly followed by a domain name, usually the one that it is hosted on, but not always.","This cookie is set by websites using certain versions of the cookie law compliance solution from OneTrust. It is set after visitors have seen a cookie information notice and in some cases only when they actively close the notice down. It enables the website not to show the message more than once to a user. The cookie has a one year lifespan and contains no personal information.","default","

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