Overview

Description:

DualBind is a state-of-the-art 3D structure-based deep learning model that predicts protein-ligand binding affinity, which plays a critical role in drug discovery. It leverages 3D structural information and employs a dual-loss framework to effectively learn the binding energy landscape. Trained on AB-FEP-calculated labels, DualBind achieves accurate and generalizable predictions at a fraction of the computational cost of physics-based approaches.

This model is ready for non-commercial use and is for research and development only.

License/Terms of Use:

DualBind is released under NSCLv1.

Deployment Geography:

Global

Use Case:

DualBind can be used by researchers and practitioners interested in predicting protein-ligand binding affinities.

Reference(s):

The associated paper can be found here.

[1] Meng Liu, Karl Leswing, Simon KS Chu, Farhad Ramezanghorbani, Griffin Young, Gabriel Marques, Prerna Das et al. \"ToxBench: A Binding Affinity Prediction Benchmark with AB-FEP-Calculated Labels for Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.08966 (2025).

Model Architecture:

Architecture Type: Graph Neural Networks (GNN)
\nNetwork Architecture: Transformer, Frame Averaging Neural Network (FANN)

DualBind employs a dual-loss framework, which combines supervised mean squared error (MSE) loss with unsupervised denoising score matching (DSM) loss to effectively learn the binding energy function. The network architecture is a 3D-invariant graph neural network. Specifically, it is built based on Frame Averaging Neural Network (FANN), within which Transformer layers are used.

Input:

Input Type(s): Text (Protein, Ligand)
\nInput Format(s): Text: String (Protein Data Bank (PDB) files for protein), String (Structural Data Files (SDF) for ligand)
\nInput Parameters: One-Dimensional (1D) (SDF and PDB files)
\nOther Properties Related to Input: The PDB file includes the 3D structure information of the protein and the SDF file includes the 3D structure information of the ligand.

Output:

Output Type(s): Number
\nOutput Format: Number: Floating number
\nOutput Parameters: One-Dimensional (1D)
\nOther Properties Related to Output: The floating number represents the predicted binding affinity.

Our AI models are designed and/or optimized to run on NVIDIA GPU-accelerated systems. By leveraging NVIDIA’s hardware (e.g. GPU cores) and software frameworks (e.g., CUDA libraries), the model achieves faster training and inference times compared to CPU-only solutions.

Software Integration :

Runtime Engine(s): PyTorch

Supported Hardware Microarchitecture Compatibility:
\nNVIDIA Ampere (tested on A100)

[Preferred/Supported] Operating System(s):

[Linux]

Model Version(s):

DualBind v1.0 (trained on ToxBench, with ~1M parameters)

Training and Testing Datasets:

DualBind is trained and tested on the ToxBench dataset.

Training/Testing Dataset:

Link: ToxBench
\nData Collection Method by dataset:\nSynthetic (complex structures are generated by Schrodinger’s docking method)
\nLabeling Method by dataset:\nSynthetic (affinity labels are computed by Schrodinger’s physics-based computational method, ABFEP)
\nProperties: ToxBench is the first large-scale AB-FEP dataset designed for ML development and focused on a single pharmaceutically critical target, Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa). ToxBench contains 8,770 ERa-ligand complex structures with binding free energies computed via AB-FEP. Using a 70%/15%/15% random split and ensuring no SMILES overlap, we obtain 5,651 training data, 1,202 validation data, and 1,204 test data.

Inference:

Engine: PyTorch
\nTest Hardware: A100

Ethical Considerations:

NVIDIA believes Trustworthy AI is a shared responsibility and we have established policies and practices to enable development for a wide array of AI applications. When downloaded or used in accordance with our terms of service, developers should work with their internal model team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case and addresses unforeseen product misuse.

Users are responsible for ensuring that predictions given by DualBind are appropriately evaluated and used in compliance with relevant safety regulations and ethical standards.

Please report security vulnerabilities or NVIDIA AI Concerns here.

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\n\n### License/Terms of Use:\nDualBind is released under NSCLv1.
\n\n### Deployment Geography:\nGlobal
\n\n### Use Case:
\nDualBind can be used by researchers and practitioners interested in predicting protein-ligand binding affinities.
\n\n## Reference(s):\nThe associated paper can be found [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08966).
\n\n[1] Meng Liu, Karl Leswing, Simon KS Chu, Farhad Ramezanghorbani, Griffin Young, Gabriel Marques, Prerna Das et al. \"ToxBench: A Binding Affinity Prediction Benchmark with AB-FEP-Calculated Labels for Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.08966 (2025).\n\n## Model Architecture:
\n**Architecture Type:** Graph Neural Networks (GNN)
\n**Network Architecture:** Transformer, Frame Averaging Neural Network (FANN)
\n\nDualBind employs a dual-loss framework, which combines supervised mean squared error (MSE) loss with unsupervised denoising score matching (DSM) loss to effectively learn the binding energy function. The network architecture is a 3D-invariant graph neural network. Specifically, it is built based on Frame Averaging Neural Network (FANN), within which Transformer layers are used.\n\n\n## Input:
\n**Input Type(s):** Text (Protein, Ligand)
\n**Input Format(s):** Text: String (Protein Data Bank (PDB) files for protein), String (Structural Data Files (SDF) for ligand)
\n**Input Parameters:** One-Dimensional (1D) (SDF and PDB files)
\n**Other Properties Related to Input:** The PDB file includes the 3D structure information of the protein and the SDF file includes the 3D structure information of the ligand.
\n\n\n## Output:
\n**Output Type(s):** Number
\n**Output Format:** Number: Floating number
\n**Output Parameters:** One-Dimensional (1D)
\n**Other Properties Related to Output:** The floating number represents the predicted binding affinity.
\n\nOur AI models are designed and/or optimized to run on NVIDIA GPU-accelerated systems. By leveraging NVIDIA’s hardware (e.g. GPU cores) and software frameworks (e.g., CUDA libraries), the model achieves faster training and inference times compared to CPU-only solutions.
\n\n## Software Integration :
\n**Runtime Engine(s):** PyTorch
\n\n**Supported Hardware Microarchitecture Compatibility:**
\nNVIDIA Ampere (tested on A100)
\n\n**[Preferred/Supported] Operating System(s):**
\n* [Linux]
\n\n## Model Version(s): \nDualBind v1.0 (trained on ToxBench, with ~1M parameters)
\n\n# Training and Testing Datasets:
\nDualBind is trained and tested on the [ToxBench dataset](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08966). \n\n## Training/Testing Dataset:\n\n**Link:** [ToxBench](https://huggingface.co/datasets/karlleswing/toxbench)
\n**Data Collection Method by dataset**: \nSynthetic (complex structures are generated by Schrodinger’s docking method)
\n**Labeling Method by dataset**: \nSynthetic (affinity labels are computed by Schrodinger’s physics-based computational method, ABFEP)
\n**Properties:** ToxBench is the first large-scale AB-FEP dataset designed for ML development and focused on a single pharmaceutically critical target, Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa). ToxBench contains 8,770 ERa-ligand complex structures with binding free energies computed via AB-FEP. Using a 70%/15%/15% random split and ensuring no SMILES overlap, we obtain 5,651 training data, 1,202 validation data, and 1,204 test data.
\n\n## Inference:\n**Engine:** PyTorch
\n**Test Hardware:** A100
\n\n## Ethical Considerations:\n\nNVIDIA believes Trustworthy AI is a shared responsibility and we have established policies and practices to enable development for a wide array of AI applications. When downloaded or used in accordance with our terms of service, developers should work with their internal model team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case and addresses unforeseen product misuse. \n\nUsers are responsible for ensuring that predictions given by DualBind are appropriately evaluated and used in compliance with relevant safety regulations and ethical standards.\n\nPlease report security vulnerabilities or NVIDIA AI Concerns [here](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/support/submit-security-vulnerability/).","DualBind Model Weights",["D",1752796468377],"/api/image/nvidia/clara/resources/dualbind_v1_toxbench","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity",[],[258,259,260,261,262,263],[],[],[],{"_89":280,"_121":281,"_122":282,"_124":125},{"_89":276,"_121":277,"_122":278,"_124":125},{"_89":272,"_121":273,"_122":274,"_124":125},{"_89":268,"_121":269,"_122":270,"_124":125},{"_89":120,"_121":120,"_122":267,"_124":125},{"_89":264,"_121":264,"_122":265,"_124":125},"PyTorch",{"_126":266,"_121":264},"framework",{"_126":125,"_121":120},"Healthcare","indus_healthcare",{"_126":271,"_121":269},"industry","Drug Discovery","uscs_drug_discovery",{"_126":275,"_121":273},"application","Clara","pltfm_clara",{"_126":279,"_121":277},"platform","AI","soln_ai",{"_126":283,"_121":281},"technology",{"_153":1263,"_155":1264},"ngcApps",[1216],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1197":1198,"_1199":1200,"_1201":1202,"_1203":1204,"_1205":295,"_184":323,"_1206":1207,"_1208":51,"_1209":132,"_1210":132,"_1211":1212,"_1213":132,"_1214":1215},"amplitude",{"_1194":1195,"_836":-7,"_1196":26},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmVuYWJsZUNzYVdpZGdldCUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlUHJvZHVjdEdyb3VwaW5nQnlTdWJzY3JpcHRpb24lMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNvbnRhaW5lclNjYW5uaW5nUmVkZXNpZ25NMiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTdE","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1188":1189,"_1190":1191,"_1192":1193},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"manageableExternalUserGroups",[],"locale","en","ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"now",1786082714604,"1.11.0","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1076":102,"_1077":1078,"_1079":1080,"_1081":1082},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_361":1066,"_1067":132,"_1068":26,"_1069":26,"_1070":1071},"consentConfig",{"_343":344,"_345":346,"_347":348,"_349":350,"_351":352,"_353":354,"_355":356,"_357":358,"_359":360,"_361":362},"showContactAdmin",1786082714605,[],[],[337,338,339,340,341,342],{"_40":54,"_42":63,"_44":60,"_46":-5,"_48":-5,"_50":51},{"_40":54,"_42":62,"_44":60,"_46":-5,"_48":-5,"_50":51},{"_40":54,"_42":59,"_44":60,"_46":-5,"_48":-5,"_50":51},{"_40":54,"_42":55,"_44":60,"_46":-5,"_48":-5,"_50":51},{"_40":52,"_42":53,"_44":45,"_46":47,"_48":49,"_50":51},{"_40":41,"_42":43,"_44":60,"_46":-5,"_48":-5,"_50":51},"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. The information collected might relate to you, your preferences, or your device. We use that information to make the site work, analyze performance and traffic on our website, provide a more personalized web experience, and assist in our marketing efforts.

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