Model Overview

WaveGlow is a flow-based network capable of generating high quality speech from mel-spectrograms. WaveGlow combines insights from Glow [1] and WaveNet [2] in order to provide fast, efficient and high-quality audio synthesis, without the need for auto-regression. WaveGlow is implemented using only a single network, trained using only a single cost function: maximizing the likelihood of the training data, which makes the training procedure simple and stable.

The details of this model can be seen in this paper: \"WAVEGLOW: A FLOW-BASED GENERATIVE NETWORK FOR SPEECH SYNTHESIS\" at this address: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00002 .

Model Architecture

WaveGlow is a generative model that generates audio by sampling from a distribution. To use a neural network as a generative model, samples are taken from a simple distribution, in this case, a zero mean spherical Gaussian with the same number of dimensions as our desired output, and those samples are put through a series of layers that transforms the simple distribution to one which has the desired distribution. In this case, the distribution of audio samples conditioned on a mel-spectrogram is modeled.

Training

The WaveGlow network we use has 12 coupling layers and 12 invertible 1x1 convolutions. The coupling layer networks (WN) each have 8 layers of dilated convolutions , with 512 channels used as residual connections and 256 channels in the skip connections. We also output 2 of the channels after every 4 coupling layers.

The WaveGlow network was trained on 8 Nvidia GV100 GPU’s using randomly chosen clips of 16,000 samples for 580,000 iterations using weight normalization and the Adam optimizer, with a batch size of 24 and a step size of 0.0001 When training appeared to plateau, the learning rate was further reduced to 5*0.00005.

Dataset

We trained the model on the LJ speech data [6]. This data set consists of 13,100 short audio clips of a single speaker reading passages from 7 non-fiction books.

The data consists of roughly 24 hours of speech data recorded on a MacBook Pro using its built-in microphone in a home environment. We use a sampling rate of 22,050kHz.

Performance

We crowd-sourced Mean Opinion Score (MOS) tests on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Raters first had to pass a hearing test to be eligible. Then they listened to an utterance, after which they rated pleasantness on a five-point scale. We used 40 volume normalized utterances disjoint from the training set for evaluation, and randomly chose the utterances for each subject. After completing the rating, each rater was excluded from further tests to avoid anchoring effects. The MOS scores are shown in Table 1 with 95% confidence intervals. Though MOS scores of synthesized samples are close on an absolute scale, none of the methods reach the MOS score of real audio. Though WaveGlow has the highest MOS, all the methods have similar scores with only 1,000 samples. This roughly matches our subjective qualitative assessment. The larger advantage of WaveGlow is in training simplicity and inference speed.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

tr:nth-child(odd)]:bg-surface-sunken\">

Model	Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
Griffin-Lim	3.823∓0.1349
WaveNet	3.885∓0.1238
WaveGlow	3.961∓0.1343
GroundTruth	4.274∓0.1340

How to Use this Model

Clone our repo and initialize submodule

git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/waveglow.git\ncd waveglow\ngit submodule init\ngit submodule update\n

\n
Install requirements pip3 install -r requirements.txt
\n
\n
Install Apex
\n

Generate audio with our pre-existing model

Download this model
Download mel-spectrograms
Generate audio python3 inference.py -f <(ls mel_spectrograms/*.pt) -w waveglow_256channels.pt -o . --is_fp16 -s 0.6

N.b. use convert_model.py to convert your older models to the current model\nwith fused residual and skip connections.

Train your own model

\n
Download LJ Speech Data. In this example it's in data/
\n

Make a list of the file names to use for training/testing

ls data/*.wav | tail -n+10 &gt; train_files.txt\nls data/*.wav | head -n10 &gt; test_files.txt\n

\n
Train your WaveGlow networks
\n
```
mkdir checkpoints\npython train.py -c config.json\n
```
\n
For multi-GPU training replace train.py with distributed.py. Only tested with single node and NCCL.
\n
For mixed precision training set \"fp16_run\": true on config.json.
\n
\n
Make test set mel-spectrograms
\n
python mel2samp.py -f test_files.txt -o . -c config.json
\n

Do inference with your network

ls *.pt &gt; mel_files.txt\npython3 inference.py -f mel_files.txt -w checkpoints/waveglow_10000 -o . --is_fp16 -s 0.6\n

Input

We use the mel-spectrogram of the original audio of the dataset as the input to the WaveNet and WaveGlow networks. For WaveGlow, we use mel-spectrograms with 80 bins using librosa mel filter defaults, i.e. each bin is normalized by the filter length and the scale is the same as HTK. The parameters of the melspectrograms are FFT size 1024, hop size 256, and window size 1024.

Output

The model produces audio samples at a rate of 1200 kHz on an NVIDIA V100 GPU.

References

[1] Diederik P Kingma and Prafulla Dhariwal, “Glow: Generative flow with invertible 1x1 convolutions,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.03039, 2018.

[2] Aaron van den Oord, Sander Dieleman, Heiga Zen, Karen Simonyan, Oriol Vinyals, Alex Graves, Nal\nKalchbrenner, Andrew Senior, and Koray Kavukcuoglu,“Wavenet: A generative model for raw audio,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.03499, 2016.

[3]Laurent Dinh, David Krueger, and Yoshua Bengio,“Nice: Non-linear independent components estimation,”\narXiv preprint arXiv:1410.8516, 2014.

[4] Laurent Dinh, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, and Samy Bengio,“Density estimation using real nvp,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.08803, 2016.

[5]Danilo Jimenez Rezende and Shakir Mohamed, “Variational inference with normalizing flows,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.05770, 2015.

[6] Keith Ito et al., “The LJ speech dataset,” 2017.

License

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WaveGlow combines insights from Glow [1] and WaveNet [2] in order to provide fast, efficient and high-quality audio synthesis, without the need for auto-regression. WaveGlow is implemented using only a single network, trained using only a single cost function: maximizing the likelihood of the training data, which makes the training procedure simple and stable. \n\nThe details of this model can be seen in this paper: \"WAVEGLOW: A FLOW-BASED GENERATIVE NETWORK FOR SPEECH SYNTHESIS\" at this address: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00002 .\n\n## Model Architecture\n\nWaveGlow is a generative model that generates audio by sampling from a distribution. To use a neural network as a generative model, samples are taken from a simple distribution, in this case, a zero mean spherical Gaussian with the same number of dimensions as our desired output, and those samples are put through a series of layers that transforms the simple distribution to one which has the desired distribution. In this case, the distribution of audio samples conditioned on a mel-spectrogram is modeled.\n\n\n## Training\nThe WaveGlow network we use has 12 coupling layers and 12 invertible 1x1 convolutions. The coupling layer networks (WN) each have 8 layers of dilated convolutions , with 512 channels used as residual connections and 256 channels in the skip connections. We also output 2 of the channels after every 4 coupling layers. \n\nThe WaveGlow network was trained on 8 Nvidia GV100 GPU’s using randomly chosen clips of 16,000 samples for 580,000 iterations using weight normalization and the Adam optimizer, with a batch size of 24 and a step size of 0.0001 When training appeared to plateau, the learning rate was further reduced to 5*0.00005.\n\n#### Dataset\n\nWe trained the model on the LJ speech data [6]. This data set consists of 13,100 short audio clips of a single speaker reading passages from 7 non-fiction books. \n\nThe data consists of roughly 24 hours of speech data recorded on a MacBook Pro using its built-in microphone in a home environment. We use a sampling rate of 22,050kHz.\n\n\n## Performance\n\nWe crowd-sourced Mean Opinion Score (MOS) tests on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Raters first had to pass a hearing test to be eligible. Then they listened to an utterance, after which they rated pleasantness on a five-point scale. We used 40 volume normalized utterances disjoint from the training set for evaluation, and randomly chose the utterances for each subject. After completing the rating, each rater was excluded from further tests to avoid anchoring effects. The MOS scores are shown in Table 1 with 95% confidence intervals. Though MOS scores of synthesized samples are close on an absolute scale, none of the methods reach the MOS score of real audio. Though WaveGlow has the highest MOS, all the methods have similar scores with only 1,000 samples. This roughly matches our subjective qualitative assessment. The larger advantage of WaveGlow is in training simplicity and inference speed.\n\n\n| Model | Mean Opinion Score (MOS) |\n|----------------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Griffin-Lim | 3.823∓0.1349 |\n| WaveNet | 3.885∓0.1238 |\n| WaveGlow | 3.961∓0.1343 |\n| GroundTruth | 4.274∓0.1340 |\n\n\n## How to Use this Model\n\n1. Clone our repo and initialize submodule\n\n ```command\n git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/waveglow.git\n cd waveglow\n git submodule init\n git submodule update\n ```\n\n2. Install requirements `pip3 install -r requirements.txt`\n\n3. Install [Apex](https://github.com/nvidia/apex)\n\n\n *Generate audio with our pre-existing model*\n\n1. Download this model\n2. Download [mel-spectrograms]\n3. Generate audio `python3 inference.py -f <(ls mel_spectrograms/*.pt) -w waveglow_256channels.pt -o . --is_fp16 -s 0.6`\n\nN.b. use `convert_model.py` to convert your older models to the current model\nwith fused residual and skip connections.\n\n*Train your own model*\n\n1. Download [LJ Speech Data](https://keithito.com/LJ-Speech-Dataset). In this example it's in `data/`\n\n2. Make a list of the file names to use for training/testing\n\n ```command\n ls data/*.wav | tail -n+10 > train_files.txt\n ls data/*.wav | head -n10 > test_files.txt\n ```\n\n3. Train your WaveGlow networks\n\n ```command\n mkdir checkpoints\n python train.py -c config.json\n ```\n\n For multi-GPU training replace `train.py` with `distributed.py`. Only tested with single node and NCCL.\n\n For mixed precision training set `\"fp16_run\": true` on `config.json`.\n\n4. Make test set mel-spectrograms\n\n `python mel2samp.py -f test_files.txt -o . -c config.json`\n\n5. Do inference with your network\n\n ```command\n ls *.pt > mel_files.txt\n python3 inference.py -f mel_files.txt -w checkpoints/waveglow_10000 -o . --is_fp16 -s 0.6\n ```\n\n\n#### Input\n\nWe use the mel-spectrogram of the original audio of the dataset as the input to the WaveNet and WaveGlow networks. For WaveGlow, we use mel-spectrograms with 80 bins using librosa mel filter defaults, i.e. each bin is normalized by the filter length and the scale is the same as HTK. The parameters of the melspectrograms are FFT size 1024, hop size 256, and window size 1024.\n\n\n#### Output\n\nThe model produces audio samples at a rate of 1200 kHz on an NVIDIA V100 GPU.\n\n## References\n\n[1] Diederik P Kingma and Prafulla Dhariwal, “Glow: Generative flow with invertible 1x1 convolutions,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.03039, 2018.\n\n[2] Aaron van den Oord, Sander Dieleman, Heiga Zen, Karen Simonyan, Oriol Vinyals, Alex Graves, Nal\nKalchbrenner, Andrew Senior, and Koray Kavukcuoglu,“Wavenet: A generative model for raw audio,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.03499, 2016.\n\n[3]Laurent Dinh, David Krueger, and Yoshua Bengio,“Nice: Non-linear independent components estimation,”\narXiv preprint arXiv:1410.8516, 2014.\n\n[4] Laurent Dinh, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, and Samy Bengio,“Density estimation using real nvp,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.08803, 2016.\n\n[5]Danilo Jimenez Rezende and Shakir Mohamed, “Variational inference with normalizing flows,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.05770, 2015.\n\n[6] Keith Ito et al., “The LJ speech dataset,” 2017.\n\n## License\n\n[License](https://github.com/NVIDIA/waveglow/blob/master/LICENSE)\n\n[//]: # (TODO)\n[//]: # (PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOWNLOADING LJS)\n[pytorch 1.0]: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch#installation\n[website]: https://nv-adlr.github.io/WaveGlow\n[paper]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00002\n[WaveNet implementation]: https://github.com/r9y9/wavenet_vocoder\n[Glow]: https://blog.openai.com/glow/\n[WaveNet]: https://deepmind.com/blog/wavenet-generative-model-raw-audio/\n[PyTorch]: http://pytorch.org\n[published model]: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rpK8CzAAirq9sWZhe9nlfvxMF1dRgFbF\n[mel-spectrograms]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g_VXK2lpP9J25dQFhQwx7doWl_p20fXA/view?usp=sharing\n[LJ Speech Data]: https://keithito.com/LJ-Speech-Dataset\n[Apex]: https://github.com/nvidia/apex","displayName","WaveGlow",["D",1680636934528],"publisher","NVIDIA","latestVersion","collectionCounts","imageUrl","/api/image/nvidia/adlr/models/waveglow","rawImageUrl","https://assets.nvidiagrid.net/ngc/logos/Deep-Learning-and-AI.png","canGuestDownload","latestVersionSizeInBytes","licenseTerms","isMultinodeEnabled","isMultiArchitecture","bias","explainability","privacy","safetyAndSecurity","featureLabels",[],"displayLabels",[240,241,242,243,244,245],"policyLabels",[],"systemLabels",[],"products",[],"hasNimMetadata",{"_209":266,"_247":267,"_248":268,"_250":251},{"_209":263,"_247":264,"_248":265,"_250":251},{"_209":259,"_247":260,"_248":261,"_250":251},{"_209":257,"_247":257,"_248":258,"_250":251},{"_209":253,"_247":254,"_248":255,"_250":251},{"_209":246,"_247":246,"_248":249,"_250":251},"TTS","value","filter",{"_252":251,"_247":246},"category","label","field","Text to Speech","uscs_text_to_speech",{"_252":256,"_247":254},"application","Speech",{"_252":251,"_247":257},"DL","soln_dl",{"_252":262,"_247":260},"technology","Conversational AI","soln_conversational_ai",{"_252":262,"_247":264},"AI","soln_ai",{"_252":262,"_247":267},{"_119":1246,"_121":1247},"ngcApps",[1199],"csaApiBaseUrl","https://www.nvidia.com/ai-agents/csa-agent/dcsm","datadogRum",{"_1180":1181,"_1182":1183,"_1184":1185,"_1186":1187,"_1188":280,"_150":306,"_1189":1190,"_1191":59,"_1192":98,"_1193":98,"_1194":1195,"_1196":98,"_1197":1198},"amplitude",{"_1177":1178,"_819":-7,"_1179":34},"disableJs","environment","prod","featureFlagsBlob","JTdCJTIydGVzdEZsYWclMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMnNob3dTZWFyY2hMYWJlbFNldEZpbHRlcnMlMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmVuYWJsZUNzYVdpZGdldCUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTJDJTIyZW5hYmxlUHJvZHVjdEdyb3VwaW5nQnlTdWJzY3JpcHRpb24lMjIlM0FmYWxzZSUyQyUyMmNvbnRhaW5lclNjYW5uaW5nUmVkZXNpZ25NMiUyMiUzQWZhbHNlJTdE","featureFlagsGuarded","isDevLikeEnv","isPlaywright","isMobileDevice","categorizedOrgs",{"_1171":1172,"_1173":1174,"_1175":1176},"currentOrgContext","currentContextRoles",[],"enterpriseOrgs",[],"manageableExternalUserGroups",[],"ngcApiOrigin","ngcHelmOrigin","origin","https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","usesMocks","theme","year",2026,"now",1787621907420,"1.12.0","defaultSearchSuggestions",{"_1059":180,"_1060":1061,"_1062":1063,"_1064":1065},"announcements",[],"consentState",{"_345":1049,"_1050":98,"_1051":34,"_1052":34,"_1053":1054},"consentConfig",{"_327":328,"_329":330,"_331":332,"_333":334,"_335":336,"_337":338,"_339":340,"_341":342,"_343":344,"_345":346},"showContactAdmin",1787621907421,[],[],[320,321,322,323,324,325],{"_48":63,"_50":73,"_52":114,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":70,"_52":114,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":68,"_52":114,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":63,"_50":64,"_52":114,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":60,"_50":61,"_52":114,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_58":59},{"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":53,"_54":55,"_56":326,"_58":59},4,"mainInfoText","We and our third-party partners (including social media, advertising, and analytics partners) use cookies and other tracking technologies to collect, store, monitor, and process certain information about you when you visit our website. 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This tracking cookie allows a website to link visitor behaviour to the recipient of an email marketing campaign, to measure campaign effectiveness.","investor.nvidia.com","This cookie is associated with Eventbrite and is used to deliver content tailored to the end user's interests and improve content creation. This cookie is also used for event-booking purposes.","_gat_gtag_UA_140825383_2","Google Analytics","_rdt_uuid","This cookie is set by Reddit and is used for tracking the views of embedded videos and performance of the advertisements.","catalog.ngc.nvidia.com","_uetsid","This cookie is used by Bing to determine what ads should be shown that may be relevant to the end user perusing the site. ","kndctr_F207D74D549850760A4C98C6_AdobeOrg_bc_session_id","ttcsid_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCategory","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.This cookie is associated with TikTok. It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","_fbp","Used by Facebook to deliver a series of advertisement products such as real time bidding from third party advertisers","_zitok","_twpid","This cookie is typically associated with the use of Taptap Digital, a company specializing in digital advertising. It is used for tracking and ad personalization purposes.","_tt_enable_cookie","This cookie name is associated with TikTok which is used to collect data about behavior and purchases on the website and to measure the effect of advertising. 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It helps track your activity on the platform, including how you interact with their embedded services on other websites.","C0003","Personalization Cookies","These cookies collect data about how you have interacted with our website to help us improve your web experience, such as which pages you have visited. These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These cookies enable us to provide enhanced website functionality and personalization as well as make the marketing messages we send to you more relevant to your interests. If you do not allow these cookies, then some or all of these services may not function properly.",[576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600],[547,548,549,550,551],{"_386":461,"_209":461,"_179":180,"_359":571},{"_386":435,"_209":435,"_179":180,"_359":566},{"_386":561,"_209":561,"_179":180,"_359":562},{"_386":556,"_209":556,"_179":180,"_359":557},{"_386":552,"_209":552,"_179":180,"_359":553},"nvidia.partners",[554],{"_77":555,"_392":552,"_393":34,"_179":429},"edge","app.hushly.com",[558],{"_77":559,"_392":556,"_393":34,"_179":560},"*CORS","This domain is associated with Hushly, a platform that provides lead conversion solutions for content marketing by using personalization and content engagement strategies.","github.com",[563],{"_77":564,"_392":561,"_393":34,"_179":565},"_octo","This domain is owned by Github. 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These cookies may store a unique ID so that our system will remember you when you return. Information collected with these cookies is used to measure and find ways to improve website performance.",[659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687],[639,640,641,642],{"_386":654,"_209":654,"_179":180,"_359":655},{"_386":649,"_209":649,"_179":180,"_359":650},{"_386":448,"_209":448,"_179":180,"_359":646},{"_386":561,"_209":561,"_179":180,"_359":643},[644],{"_77":645,"_392":561,"_393":98,"_179":565},"_gh_sess",[647],{"_77":648,"_392":448,"_393":98,"_179":455},"YSC","bizible.com",[651],{"_77":652,"_392":649,"_393":34,"_179":653},"_BUID","Bizible is a marketing attribution software that tracks the performance of marketing efforts and connects them to revenue, primarily used for B2B environments.","a.usbrowserspeed.com",[656],{"_77":657,"_392":654,"_393":34,"_179":658},"tuid","This domain is owned by Ookla which provides internet speed testing services through its Speedtest application.",{"_77":729,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":730},{"_77":714,"_392":728,"_393":98,"_179":715},{"_77":697,"_392":510,"_393":34,"_179":622},{"_77":697,"_392":610,"_393":34,"_179":622},{"_77":726,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":727},{"_77":714,"_392":513,"_393":98,"_179":715},{"_77":724,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":725},{"_77":714,"_392":510,"_393":98,"_179":715},{"_77":722,"_392":609,"_393":34,"_179":723},{"_77":714,"_392":631,"_393":98,"_179":715},{"_77":694,"_392":510,"_393":34,"_179":696},{"_77":720,"_392":507,"_393":98,"_179":721},{"_77":718,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":719},{"_77":716,"_392":507,"_393":98,"_179":717},{"_77":714,"_392":605,"_393":98,"_179":715},{"_77":712,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":713},{"_77":710,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":711},{"_77":708,"_392":507,"_393":98,"_179":709},{"_77":706,"_392":614,"_393":34,"_179":707},{"_77":694,"_392":605,"_393":34,"_179":696},{"_77":704,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":705},{"_77":702,"_392":507,"_393":98,"_179":703},{"_77":700,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":701},{"_77":698,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":699},{"_77":697,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":622},{"_77":694,"_392":695,"_393":34,"_179":696},{"_77":692,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":693},{"_77":690,"_392":507,"_393":98,"_179":691},{"_77":688,"_392":507,"_393":34,"_179":689},"_ga_xxxxxxxxxx","Used by Google Analytics to identify and track an individual session with your device.","s_ppvl","This cookie is set by Adobe Analytics to store information on the percentage of the page displayed to the end user.","coveo_visitorId","This cookie name is associated with Coveo which is used to store a unique user ID for marketing purposes and to track the number of distinct users who submitted a query or clicked an item, counting them only once even if they did the same query or clicked the same item over the course of many visits.","_dd_s","marketplace.nvidia.com","Datadog Cookie used to group all events generated from a unique user session across multiple pages. 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