PeopleSemSegnet

PeopleSemSegNet Model Card

Model Overview

The model described in this card segments one or more “person” object within an image and returns a semantic segmentation mask for all people within an image.

Model Architecture

UNet is a widely adopted network for performing semantic segmentation, which has applications in autonomous vehicles, industries, smart cities, etc. UNet is a fully convolutional network with an encoder that is comprised of convolutional layers and a decoder that is comprised of transposed convolutions or upsampling layers. It then predicts a class label for every pixel in the input image.

We provide two models for PeopleSemSegNet:

Training Algorithm

The training algorithm optimizes the network to minimize the cross-entropy loss for every pixel of the mask.

Training Data

PeopleSemSegNet v2.0 model was trained on a proprietary dataset with more than 5 million objects for person class. The training dataset consists of a mix of camera heights, crowd-density, and field-of view (FOV). Approximately half of the training data consisted of images captured in an indoor office environment. For this case, the camera is typically set up at approximately 10 feet height, 45-degree angle and has close field-of-view. This content was chosen to improve accuracy of the models for extended arms pose of people.

		Object
Environment	Images	Persons
5ft Indoor	108,692	1,060,960
5ft Outdoor	206,912	166,8250
10ft Indoor (Office close FOV)	413,270	4,577,870
10ft Outdoor	18,321	178,817
20ft Indoor	104,972	1,079,550
20ft Outdoor	24,783	59,623
Total	876,950	8,625,070

Training Data Ground-truth Labeling Guidelines

The training dataset is created by labeling ground-truth bounding-boxes and categories by human labellers. Following guidelines were used while labelling the training data for NVIDIA PeopleSemSegNet model. If you are looking to re-train with your own dataset, please follow the guideline below for highest accuracy.

PeopleSemSegNet project labelling guidelines:

All objects that fall under one of the three classes (person, face, bag) in the image and are larger than the smallest bounding-box limit for the corresponding class (height >= 10px OR width >= 10px @1920x1080) are labeled with the appropriate class label.
If a person is carrying an object please mark the bounding-box to include the carried object as long as it doesn’t affect the silhouette of the person. For example, exclude a rolling bag if they are pulling it behind them and are distinctly visible as separate object. But include a backpack, purse etc. that do not alter the silhouette of the pedestrian significantly.
Occlusion: For partially occluded objects that do not belong a person class and are visible approximately 60% or are marked as visible objects with bounding box around visible part of the object. These objects are marked as partially occluded. Objects under 60% visibility are not annotated.
Occlusion for person class: If an occluded person’s head and shoulders are visible and the visible height is approximately 20% or more, then these objects are marked by the bounding box around the visible part of the person object. If the head and shoulders are not visible please follow the Occlusion guidelines in item 3 above.
Truncation: For an object other than a person that is at the edge of the frame with visibility of 60% or more visible are marked with the truncation flag for the object.
Truncation for person class: If a truncated person’s head and shoulders are visible and the visible height is approximately 20% or more mark the bounding box around the visible part of the person object. If the head and shoulders are not visible please follow the Truncation guidelines in item 5 above.
Each frame is not required to have an object.
The segmentation masks were labeled using NVIDIA internal auto-labeling tool

Performance

Evaluation Data

The inference performance of PeopleSemSegNet model was measured against 50000 proprietary images across a variety of environments. The frames are high resolution images 1920x1080 pixels resized to 960x544 pixels before passing to the PeopleNet detection model.

Methodology and KPI

The KPI for the evaluation data are reported in the table below. Model is evaluated based on Mean Intersection-Over-Union. Mean Intersection-Over-Union (MIOU) is a common evaluation metric for semantic image segmentation, which first computes the IOU for each semantic class and then computes the average over classes.

Model	Vanilla Unet Dynamic
Content	MIOU
5ft	91.86
10ft	91
20ft	89.7
Office use-case	95.01

Model	ShuffleSeg
Content	MIOU
5ft	89
10ft	87
20ft	84
Office use-case	87

Real-time Inference Performance

The inference is run on the provided unpruned models at INT8 precision. On the Jetson Nano FP16 precision is used. The inference performance is run using trtexec on Jetson Nano, AGX Xavier, Xavier NX and NVIDIA T4 GPU. The Jetson devices are running at Max-N configuration for maximum GPU frequency. The performance shown here is the inference only performance. The end-to-end performance with streaming video data might slightly vary depending on other bottlenecks in the hardware and software.

BS - Batch Size

Models	BS	Xavier Nx GPU FPS	BS	AGX Xavier GPU FPS	BS	Orin NX GPU FPS	BS	Orin GPU FPS	BS	T4 GPU FPS	BS	A100 GPU FPS	BS	A30 GPU FPS	BS	A10 GPU FPS	BS	A2 GPU FPS
ShuffleSeg	16	199	16	356	16	289	32	703	64	1027.85	64	5745.79	64	2862.76	64	2429.62	16	631.31
VanillaUnet Dynamic	4	15	4	25	4	27	4	75	16	79.08	16	496.34	16	253.77	16	180.04	16	44.09

How to use this model

These models need to be used with NVIDIA Hardware and Software. For Hardware, the models can run on any NVIDIA GPU including NVIDIA Jetson devices. These models can only be used with Train Adapt Optimize (TAO) Toolkit, DeepStream SDK or TensorRT.

The model is intended for training using TAO Toolkit with the user's own dataset or using it as it is. This can provide high fidelity models that are adapted to the use case. The Jupyter notebook available as a part of TAO container can be used to re-train.

Primary use case intended for the model is segmenting people in a color (RGB) image. The model can be used to segment people from photos and videos by using appropriate video or image decoding and pre-processing. Note this model performs semantic segmentation and not instance based segmentation.

The model is encrypted and will only operate with the following key:

Model load key: tlt_encode

Please make sure to use this as the key for all TAO commands that require a model load key.

Input

Color Images of resolution 960 X 544 X 3

Output

Category label (person or background) for every pixel in the input image. Outputs a semantic of people for the input image.

Input image

Output image

Instructions to use unpruned model with TAO

In order, to use these models as a pretrained weights for transfer learning, please use the snippet below as template for the model_config component of the experiment spec file to train a UNet model. For more information on the experiment spec file, please refer to the TAO Toolkit User Guide.

Model Config for Vanilla UNet Dynamic

model_config {
num_layers: 18
model_input_width: 960
model_input_height: 544
model_input_channels: 3
all_projections: true
arch: "vanilla_unet_dynamic"
use_batch_norm: true
training_precision {
  backend_floatx: FLOAT32
}
}

Model Config for ShuffleSeg

model_config {
num_layers: 18
model_input_width: 960
model_input_height: 544
model_input_channels: 3
all_projections: true
arch: "shufflenet"
use_batch_norm: true
training_precision {
  backend_floatx: FLOAT32
}
}

Use the following dataset config class parameters apart from the train_data_sources, val_data_sources, test_data_sources. Please note that these are the default parameters used to generate the segmentation for the inferred image above. Please refer to TAO Toolkit User Guide to experiment the resize_method and resize_padding arguments to achieve the highest quality of mask on your dataset.

``py dataset: "custom" augment: False input_image_type: "color" resize_padding: True resize_method: "NEAREST_NEIGHBOR"


Use the following for mapping the classes to the label id predicted. Person class is represented by id 1 and background is represented by id 0. Example `data_class_config` to be used for train/ evaluate/ inference in the experiment spec is as follows:  

```py
data_class_config {
  target_classes {
    name: "person"
    mapping_class: "person"
    label_id: 1
  }
  target_classes {
    name: "background"
    mapping_class: "background"
    label_id: 0
  }
}

Instructions to deploy these models with DeepStream

To create the entire end-to-end video analytics application, deploy these models with DeepStream SDK. DeepStream SDK is a streaming analytics toolkit to accelerate building AI-based video analytics applications. DeepStream supports direct integration of these models into the deepstream sample app.

To deploy these models with DeepStream 6.1, please follow the instructions below:

Download and install DeepStream SDK. The installation instructions for DeepStream are provided in DeepStream development guide. The config files for the purpose-built models are located in:

/opt/nvidia/deepstream is the default DeepStream installation directory. This path will be different if you are installing in a different directory.

You will need 1 config files and 1 label file. These files are provided in NVIDIA-AI-IOT.

pgie_unet_tlt_config_peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg.txt - File to configure inference settings for ShuffleSeg
pgie_unet_tlt_config_peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic.txt - File to configure inference settings for Vanilla Unet Dynamic

labels.txt - Label file with 2 classes

Convert the .etlt file to engine if you want to input the model as TRT engine. Otherwise, you can input the etlt model directly to Deepstream. In order to manually convert to TRT engine, follow the example command below:

ShuffleSeg

FP16

./tao-converter -k tlt_encode -p input_2:0,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960 -t fp16 -e ./bs1_fp16.engine ./peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg_etlt.etlt

INT8

./tao-converter -k tlt_encode -p input_2:0,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960 -t int8 -e ./bs1_int8.engine -c ./peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg_cache.txt ./peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg_etlt.etlt

VanillaUnetDynamic

FP32

./tao-converter -k tlt_encode -p input_1:0,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960 -t fp16 -e ./bs1_fp32.engine ./peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_fp32.etlt

FP16

./tao-converter -k tlt_encode -p input_1:0,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960 -t fp16 -e ./bs1_fp16.engine ./peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_int8_fp16.etlt

INT8

./tao-converter -k tlt_encode -p input_1:0,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960,1x3x544x960 -t int8 -e ./bs1_int8.engine -c ./peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_int8.cache peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_int8_fp16.etlt

Key Parameters in pgie_unet_tao_config_peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic.txt and pgie_unet_tao_config_peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg.txt

# You can either provide the etlt model and key or trt engine obtained by using tao-converter
tlt-model-key=tlt_encode
# tlt-encoded-model=../../path/to/.etlt file
model-engine-file=../../path/to/trt_engine
network-type=100
network-mode=2
labelfile-path=/path/to/labels.txt

# Uncomment below if you want to use etlt file instead of engine
# int8-calib-file=/path/to/calibration cache text file
infer-dims=3;544;960
batch-size=1
num-detected-classes=2
segmentation-output-order=1
segmentation-threshold=0.0
output-tensor-meta=1
model-color-format=1 # BGR pre-processing

Run ds-tao-segmentation:

VanillaUnetDynamic

./apps/tao_segmentation/ds-tao-segmentation -c configs/unet_tao/pgie_unet_tao_config_peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic.txt -i $DS_SRC_PATH/samples/streams/sample_720p.h264

ShuffleSeg UNet

./apps/tao_segmentation/ds-tao-segmentation -c configs/unet_tao/pgie_unet_tlt_config_peoplesemsegnet_shuffleseg.txt -i $DS_SRC_PATH/samples/streams/sample_720p.h264

Documentation to deploy with DeepStream is provided in "Deploying to DeepStream" chapter of TAO User Guide.

Limitations

Very Small Objects

NVIDIA PeopleSemSegNet model were trained to detect objects larger than 10x10 pixels. Therefore it may not be able to detect objects that are smaller than 10x10 pixels.

Occluded Objects

When objects are occluded or truncated such that less than 20% of the object is visible, they may not be detected by the PeopleSemSegNet model. For people class objects, the model will detect occluded people as long as head and shoulders are visible. However if the person’s head and/or shoulders are not visible, the object might not be detected unless more than 60% of the person is visible.

Dark-lighting, Monochrome or Infrared Camera Images

The PeopleSemSegNet model were trained on RGB images in good lighting conditions. Therefore, images captured in dark lighting conditions or a monochrome image or IR camera image may not provide good detection results.

Warped and Blurry Images

The PeopleSemSegNet models were not trained on fish-eye lense cameras or moving cameras. Therefore, the models may not perform well for warped images and images that have motion-induced or other blur.

Face and Bag class

Although bag and face class are not included currently in the segmentation model.

Model versions:

Vanilla UNet Dynamic:

trainable_vanilla_unet_v1.0 - Vanilla Unet Dynamic based pre-trained model.
deployable_vanilla_unet_v1.0 - Vanilla Unet Dynamic model deployable to deepstream.

There are two models for the deployable version:

peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_fp32.etlt : FP32 inference
peoplesemsegnet_vanilla_unet_dynamic_etlt_int8_fp16.etlt : FP16/ INT8 inference

The calibration cache for INT8 PTQ Vanilla UNet Dynamic UNet has been released.

This version of the model was particularly trained on extended arms people content.

ShuffleSeg UNet:

trainable_shuffleseg_unet_v1.0 - Shuffleseg Unet Dynamic based pre-trained model.
deployable_shuffleseg_unet_v1.0 - Shuffleseg UNet model deployable to deepstream. The calibration cache for INT8 PTQ ShuffleSeg UNet has been released.

References

Citations

Ronneberger, Olaf, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. "U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation." International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention. Springer, Cham, 2015.
Gamal, Mostafa, Mennatullah Siam, and Moemen Abdel-Razek. "Shuffleseg: Real-time semantic segmentation network." arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.03816 (2018).

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License

License to use this model is covered by the Model EULA. By downloading the unpruned or pruned version of the model, you accept the terms and conditions of these licenses

Ethical Considerations

Training and evaluation dataset mostly consists of North American content. An ideal training and evaluation dataset would additionally include content from other geographies.

NVIDIA’s platforms and application frameworks enable developers to build a wide array of AI applications. Consider potential algorithmic bias when choosing or creating the models being deployed. Work with the model’s developer to ensure that it meets the requirements for the relevant industry and use case; that the necessary instruction and documentation are provided to understand error rates, confidence intervals, and results; and that the model is being used under the conditions and in the manner intended.

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